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Gen Bio
Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the basic unit of matter | atom |
| two or more atoms of the same element | molecule |
| functional unit of all living things | cell |
| group of cells with a common function | tissue |
| group of tissues functioning together | organ |
| the capacity to do work | energy |
| organisms maintaining biological balance | homeostasis |
| possible explanation for a natural event (must be testable) | hypothesis |
| concepts that are well supported by hypotheses | theory |
| what are atoms? | -protons -neutrons -electrons |
| what are cells? | -prokaryotes -eukaryotes |
| what must remain within tolerance range of an organism to maintain homeostasis? | -temperature -pH -physiological conditions |
| what are examples of homeostasis? | -sweating -immune system |
| what is the order of a scientific method? | -begins with an observation -hypothesis -theory |
| what are the subatomic particles that make up an atom? | -protons: carry a positive (+1) charge -Neutrons: carry a neutral (0) charge -Electrons: carry a negative (-1) charge |
| number of protons | atomic number |
| sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus | mass number |
| average mass of all isotopes of an atom | atomic mass |
| an atom of an element that has the same atomic number, but the number of neutrons varies slightly | isotope |
| what did Marie Curie do? | coined the term radioactivity |
| what is the octet rule? | in atoms with more than one shell, the shell is the most stable with eight electrons |
| comprised of multiple atoms held together by chemical bonds | molecule |
| what atoms are in the nucleus? | protons and neutrons |
| when is a bond made? | when two atoms share electrons |
| molecule that contains atoms of at least two different elements | compound |
| what is an ionic bond? | complete electron transfer |
| charged particles | ion |
| what is a polar covalent bond? | -equal electron sharing -shared electrons help atoms complete their outer shells |
| what is a nonpolar covalent bond? | covalent=electron sharing -electrons are shared equally between atoms with low levels of electronegativity |
| substances that dissociate in water and release hydrogen ions | acids |
| substances that dissociate in water and release hydroxide ions | bases |
| chemicals or a combination of chemicals that maintain optimal pH | buffers |
| describe the pH scale | pH 7 = neutral below pH 7 = acidic above pH 7 - basic |
| what is a functional group? | combination of bonded atoms that always reacts the same way |
| how do you build and break down a molecule? | to build- dehydration reaction: water molecules are removed to form a bond to break down-hydrolysis reaction: break bonds by adding a water molecule to them |
| what is the primary function of carbs? | immediate energy source |
| review carbs | |
| what are the primary functions of fats? | -energy dense -insulation -hormone synthesis |
| review proteins | |
| what are the functions of proteins? | -metabolism -structural support -defense -motion -transport |
| what is a polypeptide? | chain of amino acids |
| what is a primary structure of protein folding? | linear sequence of amino acids, connected by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain |
| what is a secondary structure in protein folding? | polypeptides coil in a particular way, as a result of hydrogen bonding between amino acids -alpha helix -beta pleated sheet |
| what is a tertiary structure in protein folding? | the polypeptide chain folds on itself to make a 3D structure |
| what is a quaternary structure of protein folding? | Multiple tertiary structures come together to form a functional protein Note: Not all proteins have quaternary structure!! |
| what conditions affect protein folding? | -pH -temperature |
| what is the primary function of nucleic acids? | store and carry genetic information |
| Monomer:nucleotide | -pentose sugar -phosphate -nitrogen containing base |
| DNA | -deoxyribonucleic acid -sugar=deoxyribose -double helix structure -bases: A = adenine G = guanine T = thymine C = cytosine |
| DNA double helix | complementary base pairing o A with T o G with C H bonding between bases |
| RNA | -Ribonucleic acid -Bases o A = adenine o G = guanine o U = uracil o C = cytosine -Sugar=ribose -Usually single stranded |
| ATP | -Adenosine triphosphate o Adenine + ribose sugar + 3 phosphates -The last two phosphate bonds are unstable o Release lots of energy when broken o ATP -> ADP reactions power metabolism |
Created by:
random567