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Stack #4711456
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is evolution? | Descent with modification; the process by which species accumulate differences from their ancestors as they adapt to different environments over time. |
| What are fossils? | A preserved remnant or impression of an organism that lived in the past. |
| What is an adaptation? | An inherited characteristic that enhances survival and reproduction in a specific environment. |
| What is natural selection? | A process in which individuals with certain inherited traits survive and reproduce at higher rates because of those traits. |
| What is artificial selection? | A process in which humans select and breed individuals that have desired traits. |
| What is homology? | Similarity in characteristics resulting from shared ancestry. |
| What are homologous structures? | Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry; they may or may not have similar functions. |
| What is convergent evolution? | The evolution of similar features in independent evolutionary lineages. |
| What are analogous characteristics? | Characteristics that are similar because of convergent evolution rather than homology. |
| What is biogeography? | The study of the geographic distribution of species. |
| What is phylogeny? | The evolutionary history of a species or group of related species. |
| What is a taxon? | A named taxonomic unit at any given level of classification. |
| What is a phylogenetic tree? | A branching diagram representing a hypothesis about the evolutionary history of a group of organisms. |
| What is a branch point? | The point on a phylogenetic tree representing the divergence of two or more taxa from a common ancestor. |
| What is an evolutionary lineage? | The sequence of ancestral organisms leading to a particular taxon. |
| What are sister taxa? | Groups of organisms that share an immediate common ancestor and are each other's closest relatives. |
| What is a rooted phylogenetic tree? | A tree containing a branch point representing the most recent common ancestor of all taxa in the tree. |
| What is a basal taxon? | A taxon whose evolutionary lineage diverged early in the history of a group. |
| What is a shared ancestral character? | A character shared by members of a clade that originated in an ancestor that is not a member of that clade. |
| What is a shared derived character? | An evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade. |
| What is an outgroup? | A species or group from a lineage known to have diverged before the lineage containing the group being studied. |
| What is an ingroup? | A species or group of species whose evolutionary relationships are being examined. |
| What is maximum parsimony? | The principle that the simplest explanation consistent with the facts should be investigated first. |
| What is a clade? | A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants. |
| What is a monophyletic group? | A common ancestor and all of its descendants. |
| What is a paraphyletic group? | A common ancestor and some but not all of its descendants. |
| What is a polyphyletic group? | A group containing distantly related organisms but not their most recent common ancestor. |
| What is a molecular clock? | A method for estimating the time required for evolutionary change based on genomic regions that evolve at relatively constant rates. |
| What is horizontal gene transfer? | The transfer of genes from one genome to another. |
| What is microevolution? | Evolutionary change below the species level; a change in allele frequencies in a population over generations. |
| What is genetic variation? | Differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA sequences. |
| What is phenotypic plasticity? | The ability of one genotype to produce different phenotypes under different environmental conditions. |
| What is neutral variation? | Genetic variation that provides neither a selective advantage nor disadvantage. |
| What is adaptive evolution? | A process in which traits enhancing survival or reproduction increase in frequency over time. |
| What is genetic drift? | Chance events causing unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to the next. |
| What is the founder effect? | Genetic drift occurring when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population and establish a new population. |
| What is the bottleneck effect? | Genetic drift occurring when a population is greatly reduced in size. |
| What is gene flow? | The transfer of alleles from one population to another through movement of fertile individuals or their gametes. |
| What is relative fitness? | An individual's contribution to the next generation's gene pool relative to other individuals. |
| What is directional selection? | Natural selection favoring individuals at one end of a phenotypic range. |
| What is disruptive selection? | Natural selection favoring individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range over intermediate phenotypes. |
| What is balancing selection? | Natural selection that maintains two or more phenotypic forms in a population. |
| What is heterozygote advantage? | Greater reproductive success of heterozygous individuals compared with homozygotes. |
| What is a gene pool? | All copies of every type of allele at all loci in every individual in a population. |
| What is a population? | A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area and interbreeding to produce fertile offspring. |
| What is Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium? | A state in which allele and genotype frequencies remain constant from generation to generation. |
| What is allopatric speciation? | The formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another. |
| What is the biological species concept? | A species consists of populations whose members can interbreed in nature and produce viable fertile offspring but cannot do so with members of other species. |
| What is the ecological species concept? | A definition of species based on ecological niche. |
| What are hybrids? | Offspring resulting from mating between individuals of two different species or two true-breeding varieties. |
| What is a hybrid zone? | A geographic region where members of different species meet and mate producing offspring of mixed ancestry. |
| What is macroevolution? | Evolutionary change above the species level. |
| What is the morphological species concept? | A definition of species based on measurable anatomical criteria. |
| What are postzygotic barriers? | Barriers preventing hybrid zygotes from developing into viable fertile adults. |
| What are prezygotic barriers? | Barriers that impede mating between species or hinder fertilization. |
| What is punctuated equilibria? | Long periods of little or no morphological change interrupted by relatively brief periods of sudden change. |
| What is reproductive isolation? | Biological barriers that impede members of two species from producing viable fertile offspring. |
| What is speciation? | An evolutionary process in which one species splits into two or more species. |
| What is adaptive radiation? | Evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species adapted to different ecological roles. |
| What is mass extinction? | The elimination of a large number of species throughout Earth due to global environmental changes. |
| What is Pangaea? | The supercontinent formed when Earth's landmasses came together near the end of the Paleozoic era. |
| What is plate tectonics? | The theory that continents are part of large plates of Earth's crust that move slowly over time. |
| What is radiometric dating? | A technique used to determine the age of a fossil based on radioactive isotope decay. |
| What is heterochrony? | Evolutionary change in the timing or rate of an organism's development. |
| What is paedomorphosis? | The retention of juvenile ancestral features in an adult organism. |
| What are homeotic genes? | Master regulatory genes controlling the placement and organization of body parts. |
| What are prokaryotes? | Organisms with prokaryotic cells in either domain Bacteria or Archaea. |
| What are protocells? | Abiotic precursors of living cells with membrane-like structures that maintained an internal chemistry different from their surroundings. |
| What are decomposers? | Organisms that absorb nutrients from nonliving organic material and convert them to inorganic forms. |
| What is symbiosis? | An ecological relationship in which organisms of two different species live together in direct and intimate contact. |
| What is mutualism? | A +/+ ecological interaction benefiting both species. |
| What is a parasite? | An organism that feeds on another species while living in or on its host. |
| What is a pathogen? | An organism or virus that causes disease. |
| What is bioremediation? | The use of organisms to remove pollutants from soil air or water. |
| What are ribozymes? | RNA molecules that function as enzymes. |
| What is a nucleoid? | A non-membrane-enclosed region in a prokaryotic cell where its chromosome is located. |
| What is anaerobic respiration? | A catabolic pathway in which inorganic molecules other than oxygen accept electrons at the end of electron transport chains. |
| What is nitrogen fixation? | The conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into bioavailable nitrogen compounds such as ammonia. |
| What is transformation? | A change in genotype and phenotype caused by the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. |
| What is transduction? | The transfer of bacterial DNA from one bacterial cell to another by phages. |
| What is conjugation? | The direct transfer of DNA between two temporarily joined prokaryotic cells. |
| What are R plasmids? | Bacterial plasmids carrying genes that confer resistance to certain antibiotics. |
| What are protists? | Eukaryotes that are not plants animals or fungi; most are unicellular though some are colonial or multicellular. |
| What is the endosymbiont theory? | The theory that mitochondria and plastids including chloroplasts originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by host cells. |
| What is endosymbiosis? | A mutually beneficial relationship in which one organism lives inside the cell or cells of another organism. |
| What is secondary endosymbiosis? | A process in which a heterotrophic eukaryotic cell engulfed a photosynthetic eukaryotic cell that survived inside it. |
| What is a consumer? | An organism that feeds on producers other consumers or nonliving organic material. |
| What is a producer? | An organism that produces organic compounds from CO2 using light energy or by oxidizing inorganic chemicals. |
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808kadynt