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BIOL116 digestive
UC human biology (2026 +)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Digestive system role | Get nutrients from gut |
| Gastrointestinal (GI) tract | Lumen (space within tube), mouth, esophagus, both intestines, rectum, anus |
| Accessory organs | Salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas |
| Process of digestive system | Mechanical processing (eating), secretion (digestive enzymes), digestion (breaking down), absorption (nutrients move into blood), elimination (feces) |
| Motility aid digestive processes | Peristalsis (Propels food forward/esophagus) Segmentation (mixes food/small intestine) |
| Gastric juice | Breaks down proteins. Made of HCL, mucous, and pepsinogen |
| HCL | Breaks down large bits of food |
| Mucous | Protects stomach lining from acid |
| Pepsinogen | Converted to pepsin by acid. Begins protein breakdown |
| Stomach acid | Digests connective tissue in food and digests proteins into amino acids. Makes CHYME |
| Peptic ulcer | Forms if mucous barrier is damaged |
| Functions of small intestine | Digestion (neutralises stomach acid, adds digestive enzymes/bile, breaks down proteins, carbohydrates, lipids into monomers). Absorption (Large surface for absorption) |
| Small intestine adaptations | Large folds that increase surface area. Includes villi and microvilli |
| Villi/microvilli | Microscopic projections containing blood/lacteal capillaries. (micro) epithelial cells of the villi |
| Pancreas | Secretes digestive enzymes and sodium bicarbonate (neutralises stomach acid) |
| Digestive enzymes | Proteases (digests proteins), pancreatic amylase (digests starch), lipase (digest lipids) |
| Liver | Produces bile and hepatic blood system (drains blood from digestive tract to liver) |
| Gallbladder | Concentrates and stores bile |
| Large intestine function | Absorbs nutrients and water, temp stores and eliminates waste |
| Large intestine structure | Cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, anus |
| Carbohydrates | Main source of energy. Simple carbs (small units of sugar), Complex carbs (moderate sugar), whole carbs (vitamins, fibre), refined (less nutrients) |
| Lipids | Provide energy and is essential for cells |
| Cholesterol | needed for hormones and bile |
| Saturated fats | Raise LDL (bad cholesterol) |
| Unsaturated fats | Lower LDL (bad cholesterol) |
| Trans fat | Raise LDL (bad cholesterol) |
| Complete proteins | Contain all 20 amino acids needed for body |
| Incomplete proteins | Lack one or more amino acids |
| Vitamins | Essential for normal function (either absorbed with fats and stored, or stored briefly and consumed constantly) |
| Fiber | Contributes bulk to feces |
| Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) | Energy need by body to perform essential activities (except physical) |
| Calories | Excess caloric intake equals increased storage of fat |
| Body Mass Index (BMI) | 18.5-25 (healthy), 25-30 (overweight), >30 (obese) |
| BMI inaccuracies | Overestimates body fat in muscular/heavy boned people and underestimates body fat in people who lost muscle mass |
| Food poisoning/allergies | Diarrhoea, vomiting, bloating |
| Lactose intolerance | Loss of lactose, undigested lactose causes diarrhea, gas, bloating |
| Celiac disease | Autoimmune, gluten damages gut lining, malabsorption of nutrients |
| Polyps | Non-cancerous growth |
Created by:
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