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BIOL116 endocrine
UC human biology (2026 +)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Endocrine | Collection fo specialised cells and tissues that secrete hormones |
| Endocrine glands | Ductless organs that secrete hormones into blood, interstitial fluid, lymph |
| Hormones | Chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands and circulate in the bloodstream |
| Endocrine and hormones | Hormones act only on a specific cell and the endocrine system is slower than the nervous sytem |
| Negative feedback loop | Endocrine glands (control center), hormone pathway (control center + effector), target tissues/organ (effector) |
| Hypothalamus | Links nervous system and endocrine system. Monitors and controls hormone secretions of the pituitary gland |
| Pituitary gland | Secretes eight different hormones that regulate other endocrine organs. Two lobes: Posterior/Anterior |
| Neuroendocrine cells | Connector of hypothalamus and posterior pituitary gland |
| ADH | Made in cell bodies in hypothalamus and transported down axons endings in the posterior pituitary. Conserves water in kidneys and regulates water balance |
| Oxytocin | Causes uterine contractions during labor, milk ejection through neuroendocrine reflex |
| Posterior pituitary | Neuroendocrine cells in hypothalamus secretes releasing or inhibiting hormones. Pituitary portal blood system carries the hormones to the anterior pituitary. Each pair of either hormone controls the secretion of one anterior pituitary hormone |
| ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) | Adrenal cortex. Stimulates adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids (cortisol) |
| TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone) | Thyroid gland. Acts on thyroid gland, promoting release of thyroid hormones |
| FSH/LH (Follicle stimulating hormone/Luteinizing hormone) | Ovaries/testes. Stimulates growth, development and function of ovaries/testes. Developed at puberty |
| PRL (Prolactin) | Mammary glands. Stimualtes development of mammary glands and milk production |
| Growth hormones (GH) | Skeletal muscle/bone. Major effects on bone/muscle. Growth effects on childhood |
| Diabetes insipidus | Hyposecretion of ADH results in inability to conserve water approprietly. Causes excessive urination, dehydration, thirst |
| Gigantism | Hypersecretion of growth hormone in childhood |
| Pituitary dwarfism | Hyposecretion of growth hormone |
| Pancreas | Pancreatic hormones are involved in regulating blood glucose levels |
| What part of the pancreas do the endocrine cells secrete hormones? | Islets of Langerhans |
| Glucagon | Alpha cells. Raises blood sugar. Breakdown of glycogen to glucose to liver |
| Insulin | Beta cells. Lowers blood sugar. Promotes uptake of sugar by cells in the liver/muscle and the conversion of glucose into glycogen/proteins |
| Somatostatin | Delta cells. Inhibits secretion of glucagon and insulin. Regulates other hormones |
| How the pancreas responds to a meal | Insulin + Glucagon - | Insulin - Glucagon + |
| Adrenal cortex | Outer layer of adrenal gland. Contains Glucocoritoids and mineralcorticoids |
| Adrenal medulla | Inner layer of adrenal gland. Contains Epinephrine (adrenaline) and Norepinephrine |
| Glucocorticoids | Secreted through hypothalamus pituitary secretions and maintains blood glucose levels during prolonged fasting. Suppresses inflammatory responses |
| Mineralocorticoids | Regulates sodium and water balance. Acts on kidneys, promoting sodium reabsorption. |
| Sympathetic nervous system | Uses adrenaline/noradrenaline from adrenal medulla to enhance it's responses |
| Thyroid gland | Located below larynx in neck. Balances calcium and regulates metabolism. |
| Thyroxine (T4)/Triiodothyronine (T3) | Regulate production of ATP from glucose. Secreted through hypothalamus pituitary secretions |
| Goiter | Thyroid glands need iodine, so a lack of iodine leads to the hypothalamus and pituitary to stimulate the thyroid gland too much |
| Testes | LH tells testes to produce testosterone (development of sperm etc) |
| Estrogen | Initiates development of secondary traits and regualtes menstrual cycle |
| Progesterone | Regulates menstrual cycle |
| Thymus | Upper chest. Secretes thymosin and thymopoietin. Matures T lymphocytes and most active during childhood |
| Pineal gland | In brain, receives input from optic nerve. Secretes melatonin. Maybe for circadian cycle |
| Diabetes mellitus | Disorder of blood sugar regulation. Can't get glucose into cells and results in high blood sugar levels. Excess water and glucose shows in urine. Leads to dehydration, thirst, blurred vision. |
| Type 1 diabetes | Rarer. Pancreas doesn't make enough insulin due to autoimmune destruction of beta cells (which make insulin). |
| Type 2 diabetes | Common. Cells fail to respond to insulin. Over exposure to glucose, pancreas overcomposates and cells become less responsive. |
| Hypothyroidism | Under active thyroid gland. |
| Cretinism | Child. Slowed body growth/altered development (brain/puberty) |
| Myxedama | Weight gain, low BMR, lethargy |
| Hyperthyroidism | Over active thyroid gland. Increased BMR, hyperactivity, weight loss |
| Graves' disease | Autoimmune form of hyperthyroidism |
| Addison's disease | Failure of adrenal cortex. Hyposecretion of cortisol/aldosterone leads to lower blood glucose/sodium. Chronic fatigue, weakness |
| Cushing's syndrome | Excessive cortisol secretion. leads to excessive glucose production from glycogen and retention of salt/water. Loss of muscle mass, change in fat distribution |
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