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BIOL116 immune sys
UC human biology (2026 +)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Defence mechanisms | Barrier to entry or ways of expelling pathogens |
| Examples of defence mechanisms | Skin, stomach acid, tears, vomiting |
| Innate immunity | Nonspecific defence mechanisms. Phagocytosis and inflammation |
| Adaptive immunity | Specific defence mechanisms. Immune response enables body to recognise and remove specific bacteria and viruses |
| Disease causing agents are: | Living organisms (bacteria) and non living infectious particles (viruses) |
| How to determine health risk | Transmissibility, transmission, virulence |
| Lymph nodes | Network of vessels, similar to veins. Filters the lymph and destroys invaders. Lymphs then return to bloodstream |
| Spleen | Largest organ in lymphatic system. |
| Spleen function | Filters old red blood cells and helps fight infection |
| Thymus gland | Behind sternum, above heart. Secretes two hormones that controls T cell development (thymosin and thymopoietin) |
| Adenoids | Filters air, back of nasal passages |
| Second line of defence | Skin, tears, saliva, mucus, vomiting, urination |
| Complement proteins | Plasma proteins that invade bacteria when activated |
| Phagocytic cells | White blood cells that surround and engulf invading bacteria. |
| Phagocytic cell types | Neutrophils (first responders: blood, bacteria), Macrophages (leave blood and enter tissue: viruses), Eosinophils (blood/tissues: large parasites) |
| Inflammation | When damaged cells and mast cells in the area release histamine, which dilates the blood vessels. Complement proteins diffuse out of the leaky capillaries and mark bacteria for destruction. Phagocytes are then attracted by histamine and attack thebacteria |
| Specific defence mechanism | Adaptive immune response |
| Characteristics of adaptive immune response | Recognises and targets specific pathogens from a previous exposure (vaccines) |
| Antigen | A substance that triggers an immune response |
| Antibodies | Proteins made by B lymphocytes that bind with and neutralise specific antigens |
| B lymphocytes | Antibody mediated immunity |
| T lymphocytes | Cell mediated immunity. Directly attacks foreign cells |
| Antibody production by B cells | B cells made in bone marrow travel to lymphatic tissue, each having a unique receptor matching an antigen. They activate when an antigen matching their receptor appears and clone themselves |
| How antibodies inactivate pathogens | Plasma secretes antibodies. Makes pathogens clump together |
| T cells | Cell mediated immunity. Originates from stem cells in the bone marrow and matures in the thymus. |
| Types of T cells | CD4 (helper and memory), CD8 (cytotoxic/suppressor) |
| CD4 T cell activation | Shows pieces of pathogen to T cell and activate them, turning them into helper cells. They then clonally expand and produce cytokines that activate other immune cells |
| CD8 T cell activation | Activated by APCs and expand. Kills abnormal cells by releasing toxic chemicals |
| Immune memory | Second exposure is slower and has less of an impact |
| Tissue rejection | Needs a 75% match or else the MHC antigens will attack the tissue. |
| Allergies | Body reacts as if a pathogen was in the body |
| Autoimmune disorders | Inability of immune system to distinguish self from non self. Autoantibodies and cytotoxic T cells target the body's own tissues. |
| Lupus erythematosis (lupus) | Inflamed connective tissue |
| Rheumatoid arthritis | Inflamed synovial membrane |
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