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Anatomy exam 1
anatomy- tissues and systems
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| tissue definition | made of cells with organelles that perform specific functions -tissue types vary in nucleus and material -nuclei contain genetic material that determine function |
| 4 tissue types | 1. epithelial tissue 2. connective tissue 3. muscle tissue 4. nervous tissue |
| epithelial tissue (and types) | protective barriers separating cavities (linings) -protects against hostile agents -widespread in body -major tissue in glands -prevents dehydration and fluid loss -3 subtypes (cilial, glandular and baseplate) |
| connective tissue (and types) | binds and supports tissues and organs -matrix of intracellular material (liquid, solid, or gel-like) -widespread -8 subtypes (areolar, adipose, fibrous, elastic, lymphoid, cartilage, blood, bone) |
| muscular tissue (and types) | specialized proteins that slide past one another allowing for MOVEMENT or CONTRACTION -various locations -3 subtypes (striated, smooth, and cardiac) |
| nervous tissue | generate and conduct electrical signals in the body -2 types (neurons and glial cells) |
| organ definition | specialized structure of tissues that work in functional unity -can be more than one type of tissue |
| system definition | groups of structures with functional unity |
| tissue aggregate definition | combined tissues that enable a specific purpose to be performed (FUNCTIONAL UNITY) -tissues combine to form larger structures like ORGANS or structures that function like organs (BONES, MUSCLES) -structures involved with speech + swallowing |
| types of tissue aggregates (6) | 1. bones 2. muscles 3. fascia 4. tendons 5. ligaments 6. joints |
| bones | rigid support for body (endoskeleton), protects organs and soft tissues -PERIOSTEUM: outer layer that has blood supply and neural supply -start as cartilage (ossify to bone) |
| periosteum | outer layer of bone contains: 1. blood supply (for nourishment) 2. neural supply (for sensation) |
| muscles (2 parts) | bound groups of muscle fibers that can SHORTEN to about 1/3 their length -have blood supply (for movement and removal of waste and neural supply (for innervation) 2 important parts: 1. origin 2. insertion |
| muscle origin | point of attachment that is PROXIMAL and FIXED |
| muscle insertion | point of attachment that is DISTAL and MOBILE |
| types of muscles (4) | 1. agonists 2. synergists 3. antagonists 4. fixators |
| agonists | muscles that contract for a motor act |
| synergists | muscles that HELP the agonist |
| antagonists | muscles with action that is OPPOSITE that of the agonist -moves muscle back to starting point |
| fixators | muscles that CONTRACT to help stabilize structure |
| muscle innervation | when muscles are stimulated by nerves 2 types: (1. sensory 2. motor) |
| sensory innervation | afferent (toward/inward signals) |
| motor innervation | efferent (away/outward signals) |
| fascia (2 parts) | band or sheet of connective tissue beneath skin -attaches, stabilizes, encloses, and separates muscles and other internal organs -"packing material" made of collagen 2 parts: epimysium and perimysium |
| epimysium | outer fascia layer of muscle |
| perimysium | fascia that surrounds striated muscle -sheet-like and INTERWOVEN |
| tendons | attach (muscle to bone) or (muscle to cartilage) -have tensile strength (ability to tense) -mark end point of muscles, so they take on the shape/morphology of that muscle -moves bone or muscle, keeping them together and stable ex= achilles |
| ligaments (2 types) | attach bone to bone - coarse fibers with limited stretching -meant to withstand pressure and PROTECT JOINTS -2 types: visceral and skeletal ex= ACL |
| visceral ligaments | hold organs in place |
| skeletal ligaments | protect joints between bones -direct bones to prevent twists -hold bones together |
| joints (3 types) | attach (bone to bone) or (cartilage to cartilage) -fastened/fitted together (articulation) 1. fibrous 2. cartilaginous 3. synovial |
| fibrous joints | IMMOBILE -bound by dense fibrous ligaments -no fluid filled space/cavity type: sutures |
| suture joint | located between bones of skull (jagged to enhance strength) -type of suture: gomphosis |
| gomphosis | type of suture that's "hole and peg" -teeth in sockets |
| cartilaginous joints | LIMITED MOBILITY -where bones are connected entirely by cartilage -no fluid filled space/cavity |
| synovial joints | HIGHLY MOBILE -cushioned by synovial fluid (joint cavity) -provide different movements/motions (glide, rotate, hinge, ball and socket) -TMJ, hip socket |
| organ/body systems involved in speech production | 1. respiratory system 2. phonatory system 3. resonatory system 4. articulatory system 5. nervous system |
| respiratory system | breath support for speech -powerhouse |
| phonatory system | voice to produce sound |
| resonatory system | provides resonance and quality to a produced sound |
| articulatory system | structures that alter characteristics of speech sounds |
| nervous system | -control center -neurological and sensory processes -works together with other body systems |
| 2 major components of nervous system | Central NS (CNS): nerves in brain + spinal cord Peripheral NS (PNS): nerves that branch out from cranial area and spinal cord |
| 3 nerve categories | 1. motor/efferent (contraction) 2. sensory/afferent (feedback) 3. autonomic/involuntary (heart rate etc.) |
| motor unit | allows for muscle contraction (connects NS to muscle fibers) -components: -1 motor/efferent neuron - muscle fibers to be innervated |
| innervation | supply of nerves to structure |
Created by:
liz gelles