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Body Terminology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Homeostasis | The state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things |
| Atom | The smallest unit of elements |
| Molecules | The chemical building block of all body structures |
| Cell | The smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism |
| Tissue | a group of many similar cells that work together to perform a specific function |
| Organ | an anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types. |
| Organ system | a group of organs that work together to perform major functions or meet the physiological needs of the body |
| Anatomical position | That of the body standing upright, with the feet at shoulder width and parallel, toes forward. The upper limbs are held out to each side, and the palms of the hands face forward. |
| Prone | A face-down orientation |
| Supine | A face-up orientation |
| Anterior (or ventral) | The front or direction toward the front of the body |
| Posterior (or dorsal) | The back or direction toward the back of the body |
| Superior (or cranial) | A position above or higher than another part of the body proper |
| Inferior (or caudal) | A position below or lower than another part of the body proper. Near or toward the tail |
| Lateral | The side or direction toward the side of the body |
| Medial | the middle or direction toward the middle of the body |
| Proximal | A position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body |
| Distal | a position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body |
| Superficial | A position closer to the surface of the body |
| Deep | A position father from the surface of the body |
| Sagittal plane | The plane that divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides |
| Frontal plane | The plane that divides the body or an organ into an anterior (front) portion and a posterior (rear) portion |
| Transverse plane | The plane that divides the body or organ horizontally into upper and lower portions |
| Cerebrospinal fluid | A colorless fluid produced by the brain that cushions the brain and spinal cord within the posterior (dorsal) cavity |
| Thoracic cavity | The more superior subdivision of the anterior cavity, enclosed by the rib cage |
| Abdominopelvic cavity | The largest cavity in the body |
| Frons | forehead (frontal) |
| Cranium | Skull (cranial) |
| Facies | Face (facial) |
| Oris | Mouth (oral) |
| Mentis | Chin (mental) |
| Axilla | Armpit (axillary) |
| Brachium | Arm (brachial) |
| Antecubitis | Front of elbow (antecubital) |
| Antebrachium | Forearm (antebrachial) |
| Carpus | Wrist (carpal) |
| Pollex | Thumb |
| Palm | Palm (palmar) |
| Digits (phalanges) | Fingers or toes (digital or phalangeal) |
| Patella | Kneecap (patellar) |
| Crus | Leg (crural) |
| Tarsus | Ankle (tarsal) |
| Hallux | Great toe |
| Pes | Foot (pedal) |
| Femur | Thigh (femoral) |
| Umbilicus | Navel |
| Thorcis or Thorax | Chest |
| Cervicis | Neck (cervical) |
| Nasus | Nose (nasal) |
| Auris | Ear (otic) |
| Bucca | Cheek (buccal) |
| Oculus | Eye (orbital or ocular) |
| Cephalon | Head (cephalic) |
| Dorsum | Back (dorsal) |
| Olecranon | Back of elbow (olecranal) |
| Lumbus | Loin (lumbar) |
| Manus | Hand (manual) |
| Gluteus | Buttock (gluteal) |
| Popliteus | Back of knee (popliteal) |
| Sura | Calf (sural) |
| Planta | Sole of foot (plantar) |
| Integumentary System | Encloses internal body structures. Site of many sensory receptors. (Hair, skin, nails) |
| Skeletal System | Supports the body. Enables movement. (Cartilage, bones, joints) |
| Muscular System | Enables movement. Helps maintain body temperature. (Skeletal muscles, tendons) |
| Nervous System | Detects and processes sensory information. Activates bodily responses. (Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves) |
| Endocrine System | Secretes hormones. Regulates bodily processes. (Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, testes, ovaries) |
| Cardiovascular System | Delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues. Equalizes temperature in the body. (Heart, blood vessels) |
| Lymphatic System | Returns fluid to blood, defends against pathogens. (Thymus, lymph nodes, spleen, lymphatic vessels) |
| Respiratory System | Removes carbon dioxide from the body. Delivers oxygen to blood. (Nasal passage, trachea, lungs) |
| Digestive System | Processes food for use by the body. Removes wastes from undigested food. (Stomach, liver, gall bladder, large intestine, small intestine) |
| Urinary System | Controls water balance in the body. Removes wastes from blood and excretes them. (Kidneys, urinary bladder) |
| Male Reproductive System | Produces sex hormones and gametes. Delivers gametes to female. (Epididymis, testes) |
| Female Reproductive System | Produces sex hormones and gametes. Supports embryo/fetus until birth. Produces milk for infant. (Mammary glands, ovaries, uterus) |
| Organism | A living being that has a cellular structure that can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life |
| Tissue membrane | A thin layer or sheet of cells that covers the outside of the body, the organs, internal passageways that lead to the exterior of the body and the lining of movable joint cavities. |
| Mucous membranes | Line the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts. They are coated with the secretions of mucous glands |
| Serous membranes | Line the body cavities closed to the exterior of the body: the peritoneal, pleural and pericardial cavities |
| Cutaneous membranes | Epithelial tissue made up of stratified squamous epithelial cells that cover the outside of the body; skin |
| Synovial membranes | Line joint cavities and produce the fluid within the joint |
| Connective tissue | Type of tissue that serves to hold in place, connect and integrate the bodys organs and systems |
| Synovial membrane | Type of connective tissue that lines the cavity of a freely movable joint |
| Epithelial membrane | Composed of epithelium attached to a layer of connective tissue. (ex. Skin) |
| Coelomic | Cavities that do not open to the outside |
| Parietal Layers | Line the walls of the body cavity |
| Visceral Layer | Covers the organs |
| Pleura | Surrounds the lungs in the pleural cavity and reduces frictions between the lungs and the body wall |
| Pericardium | Surrounds the heart in the pericardial cavity and reduces friction between the heart and the wall of the pericardium |
| Peritoneum | Surrounds several organs in the abdominopelvic cavity |
| Serous space | The very thin, fluid filled space between the parietal and visceral layers |
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