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Bio Unit 1: 1.1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Latin root of 'Science' | Derived from a Latin verb meaning 'to know'. |
| Scientific Inquiry | A search for information and explanations of natural phenomena through an iterative process of observation and hypothesis testing. |
| Scientific Data | Recorded observations upon which scientific inquiry is based. |
| Qualitative Data | Descriptive, non-numerical recorded observations (e.g., field notes, behavior logs, photographs). |
| Quantitative Data | Numerical measurements organized into tables, charts, or graphs and analyzed with statistics. |
| Inductive Reasoning | Logic that derives general principles from a large set of specific observations (Specific -> General). |
| Deductive Reasoning | Logic that flows from general premises to specific predicted results using 'If... then' logic (General -> Specific). |
| Hypothesis | An explanation based on observations and assumptions that leads to testable predictions. |
| Experiment | A scientific procedure carried out under controlled conditions to test a hypothesis. |
| Proof vs. Support for Hypotheses | A hypothesis can never be proven true beyond all doubt; testing only fails to disprove it, building confidence in its validity. |
| Limits of Scientific Testing | Science can only test natural, observable phenomena; supernatural or religious explanations cannot be tested or falsified. |
| Falsifiability | The principle that a scientific hypothesis must be capable of being proven false by an observation or experiment. |
| Observation: Mouse Camouflage Case Study | Beach mice have light coat coloration on white sand, while inland mice of the same species have dark coats on dark soil. |
| Hypothesis: Mouse Camouflage Case Study | Coat color patterns evolved as adaptations that camouflage mice from visual predators in their respective habitats. |
| Independent Variable (IV) | The factor that is intentionally manipulated or changed by the experimenter. |
| Dependent Variable (DV) | The factor being measured to see if it is affected by the independent variable. |
| Independent Variable: Mouse Experiment | The coat color of the plastic mouse models (light vs. dark). |
| Dependent Variable: Mouse Experiment | The proportion of predator attack marks recorded on the plastic mouse models. |
| Control Group: Mouse Experiment | Mouse models matching their native habitat background color (light mice on beach; dark mice inland). |
| Experimental Group: Mouse Experiment | Mouse models with non-matching coloration for their habitat (dark mice on beach; light mice inland). |
| Results: Mouse Camouflage Case Study | Non-camouflaged models suffered significantly higher attack rates in both beach and inland environments. |
| Controlled Experiment | An experiment designed to compare an experimental group with a control group to cancel out the effects of unwanted variables. |
| Scientific Theory | A broad explanation supported by a massive body of evidence that generates many new, testable hypotheses. |
| Hypothesis vs. Theory | A hypothesis is a narrow explanation for a specific observation; a theory is a comprehensive, widely supported framework. |
| Iterative Process of Science | Science rarely follows a strict linear pathway; hypotheses are continually revised and retested as new data emerge. |
| Basis of Metric System | A decimal measurement system based on factors of 10. |
| Base Unit for Length | Meter (m) |
| Base Unit for Liquid Volume | Liter (L) |
| Base Unit for Mass/Weight | Gram (g) |
| Kilo- (k) | 1,000 units (10^3) |
| Hecto- (h) | 100 units (10^2) |
| Deca- (da / dk) | 10 units (10^1) |
| Deci- (d) | 0.1 units (10^-1) |
| Centi- (c) | 0.01 units (10^-2) |
| Milli- (m) | 0.001 units (10^-3) |
| Micro- (µ) | 0.000001 units (10^-6) |
| Nano- (n) | 10^-9 units |
| Pico- (p) | 10^-12 units |
| Femto- (f) | 10^-15 units |
| Metric Mnemonic Device | King Henry Died Unusually Drinking Chocolate Milk (Kilo, Hecto, Deca, Unit, Deci, Centi, Milli). |
| Converting to a SMALLER unit | MULTIPLY by 10 for each step right (move decimal point to the right). |
| Converting to a LARGER unit | DIVIDE by 10 for each step left (move decimal point to the left). |
| 1 Millimeter benchmark | About the thickness of a dime. |
| 1 Centimeter benchmark | About the width of a paperclip or fingernail. |
| 1 Meter benchmark | About the width of a doorway. |
| 1 Kilometer benchmark | About 10 football fields or 6 city blocks (~0.62 miles; 1.6 km ≈ 1 mile). |
| 1 Gram benchmark | About the weight of a small paperclip. |
| 1 Kilogram benchmark | About 6 apples or 2.2 pounds. |
| 1 Milligram benchmark | About the weight of a single grain of salt. |
| 1 Liter benchmark | Half of a 2-liter soda bottle (slightly more than a quart). |
| 1 Milliliter benchmark | Equal to about 2 drops of liquid. |
| 1 Microliter (µL) | 1/1000th of a mL (smaller than a single tiny drop). |
| Volume Formula (Rectangular Prism) | Volume = Length x Width x Height (measured in cubic units like cm³). |
| Relationship: 1 Liter to cm³ | 1 Liter = 1,000 cubic centimeters (cm³ or cc). |
| 1 Cubic Centimeter (cm³) equivalent | 1 cm³ = 1 mL |
| Meniscus | The curved upper surface of a liquid in a tube or container. |
| How to read a Meniscus correctly | View dead-on at eye level and read the volume at the BOTTOM of the curve. |
| Parallax Error | Inaccurate reading caused by looking at the meniscus from an angle (above or below eye level). |
| Beaker / Erlenmeyer Flask Accuracy | Low accuracy; used for general holding/mixing (5–5000 mL). |
| Graduated Cylinder | Used for rapid liquid volume measurement; semi-accurate (~1% tolerance). |
| Volumetric Flask | Very high accuracy for preparing solutions to one specific, precise volume. |
| TC (To Contain) marking | Indicates the container holds the specified volume when filled to the calibration mark. |
| Proper technique for filling Pipettes | Keep the tapered end beneath the liquid surface at all times; use a bulb or pipet pump (NEVER mouth pipet). |
| Serological Pipette Calculation Rule | Zero is at the top; subtract desired volume from total capacity to find target mark (e.g., to deliver 6.5 mL with a 10 mL pipet, fill to 3.5 mL). |
| Pasteur / Transfer Pipette | Low accuracy glass or plastic pipettes used for uncalibrated/rough transfer (1–5 mL). |
| Micropipette (Pipettor) | High-precision instrument used to measure very small volumes in microliters (µL). |
| P10 Range | 0.5 µL to 10 µL |
| P20 Range | 2 µL to 20 µL |
| P200 Range | 20 µL to 200 µL |
| P1000 Range | 200 µL to 1000 µL (1 mL) |
| Micropipette First Stop | Fills or measures the exact calibrated volume (evacuates the preset air volume). |
| Micropipette Second Stop | Blows out remaining liquid to ensure complete delivery (+50% extra travel). |
| Micropipette Common Errors | Bad/damaged tip, wrong tip size, air bubbles, liquid not at room temperature, forcing adjustment past limits. |
| Multi-channel Pipette | Pipette that holds 4–16 tips at once to increase efficiency (commonly used in ELISA assays). |
Created by:
Cocoalover