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Exam 1 PHILOSOPHY
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is philosophy | disciplined rational inquiry into fundamental questions about reality, knowledge, value, and reasoning. |
| what is the five word question that asks a person to move from a claim or opiniom to reasoning | Why do you say that? |
| what does DEFINE mean | clarify what a word, claim, or problem means |
| what does DEFEND mean | give reasons or evidence for the position |
| what does DOUBT mean | test the position; What if i am wrong? What objection or ocunterexample challenges it? |
| what is justification | the reasons or evidence that make a belief rationally supportable |
| what is skepticism | the philosophical challenge asking whether knowledge is possible or wether a belief is adequately justified |
| what is core idea | philosophy is not merely 'what i think' it asks whether i have good reasons for thinking it |
| What is metaphysics and what does it ask | "what is real" reality, persons, time, freedom, possibility, necessity |
| what is epistemology and what does it ask | "how do we know" knowledge, truth, evidence, justification, certainty, skepticism |
| what is logic and what does it ask | "does the reasoning work" claims, premises, conclusions, inference, consistency, evaluation |
| what does claim mean | a statment being asserted |
| what does reason mean | a consideration offered in support of a claim |
| what does premise mean | a statement offered as support for a conclusion |
| what does a conclusion mean | the claim an argument is trying to establish |
| what does argument mean | a structure of reasons in which one or more premises are offered to support a conclusion |
| what does practice structure mean | do not stop at 'i agree' or 'i dissagree' identify the conclusion, identify the reasons, then ask whether the reasons actually support the conclusion |
| Platos critos historical setup | Socrates in prison 399 BCE, charged with corrupting the youth about impiety/religions wrong doings, convicted and sentenced to death, execution was delayed bc a sacred Athenian mission to Delos, crito offers him a opportunity to escape |
| why does this mater? Crito and Socrates | Crito is a not a hypothetical conversation about justice. Socrates must decides whether principles he has defended all his life still matter when following them may cost him his life |
| Critos case for escape part 1 | friendship: crito does not want to lose his friend reputation: people may blame socrates friends for failing to save him money/resources: the means and helpers for escape are available children/ family responsibility: crito is a father |
| critos case for escape part 2 | injustice of the sentence: why cooperate with enemies who have treated socrates unjustly |
| Socrates main responses and arguments A: the mamy vs expert judgement | crito worries about what the public will think, socrates argues that not every opinion deserves equal weight His analogy: in health or training we should listen more carefully to someone who knows than to an uniformed crowd key dist: many may have power |
| Socrates main responses and arguments A: key distinctions | the many may have power, but power and truth are not the same thing. |
| Socrates main responses and arguments B: living vs living well | socrates does. not treat mere survival as the highest good, the goal is not simply to live but to live well (honorably and justly) Question to understand : if saving your life requires you to act unjustly have you preserved the kind of live you value |
| Socrates main responses and arguments C: Never return wrong for wrong | socrates rejects the idea that suffering injustice ai=utomatically gives us permission to commit injustice in return. This principle becones central to his decision about escape. |
| the laws of Athens: Parents/ benefactor argument | Athens helped nurture, educate, and sustain Socrates; the Laws claim this creates obligations. |
| the laws of Athens: Tactic argreement | Socrates remained in Athens voluntarily when he could have left; the Laws treat that conduct as a form of consent. |
| the laws of Athens: social order argument | If citizens simply ignore legal judgments whenever they dislike the outcome, the legal order is weakened. |
| The law of athens: persuade or obey | The Laws claim that citizens should persuade the city to change or accept its lawful decisions. |
| The laws of athens: Big philosophical pressure point | Does living in a state really amount to consent? And what happens when law and justice come apart? |
| Integrity | Consistency between one's principles and one's actions, especially under pressure. A central way to understand Socrates is that he refuses to create a new moral rule simply because the consequences now affect him personally. |
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