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dev. & org. of nerv
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| germinal stage | time from fertilization to implantation in the uterus |
| what is potency? | ability to develop into different cell types |
| totipotent meaning | a single cell that can divide and grow into an independent organism; morula (16-32 cells that form in very early embryonic development) |
| pluripotent | embryonic stem cells. can't reimplant, but can build another organ (anything in the future "you") |
| what happens after 8 days since the zygote formed? | there is one flat line of cells (all pluripotent). no longer a viable pregnancy. they go from multipotent to unipotent. usually called "baby in a compact disc" embedded in the uterine wall |
| gastrulation stage | 1 "pancake" turns into 3. cells move toward each other, buckle together after 2-3 weeks. |
| what is the top layer called and what can it become? | the ectoderm. has the ability to become skin or nervous system |
| what is the middle layer called and what can it become? | the mesoderm. can become bones or muscle |
| what is the bottom layer called and what can it become? | endoderm, makes all internal organs |
| what is common with all three layers? | they're all multipotent |
| Neurulation stage | center of "pancake" 1 is the start of the neural plate; now cells have fate of becoming nervous system |
| what is the job of the nodochord cells? | they send chemical signals that shape the nervous system |
| what happens to cells that don't become nervous system? | they become skin cells. they then reach up to form a tube, which becomes the future CNS |
| what are neural crest cells? | not apart of the tube, fall off and become PNS |
| what are somites? | they are made from the mesoderm. future spinal cord (vertebrae) and skull. fluid-filled cells |
| neural proliferation stage | -neural tube changes size (gets longer) -making 4000 neurons/sec -cell walls get thicker -3 bumps form in tube (forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain) -most cells born in the center of tube |
| neural migration & aggregation stage | -radial and tangenital migration -most cells (glial) climb up neural stem cells -desmosome: comes out of one cell, locks onto the next (like velcro) |
| radial migration | neural stem cells move from the center to the edges (move up) |
| tangenital migration | some move down/around to get to the edge |
| axon growth & synapse formation stage | -once positioned, axons start to grow -axons are made "fingers" attached to sense chemicals (chemoaffinity hypothesis) -dendrites & axons talk to each other to see if they match |
| chemoaffinity hypothesis | axons are made "fingers" (filopodia) attached to sense chemicals. decides if you keep growing or stop (ex. walking into a party & being called by your friends to find them) |
| what happens if dendrites axons match? | a synapse forms. aided by astrocytes/satellite cells "bear hug" them together |
| synapse refinement stage | -signals sent from target to sources if needed -neurotrophins received if you are needed. if not, apoptosis occurred -neural activity -about 100 billion neurons left as an adult |
| neural activity and connection in synapse refinement | if the input is important, the connection is stronger. if not as important, connection is weak |
| anterior/rostral | towards front/nose |
| posterior/caudal | towards back/tail |
| dorsal/superior | towards top |
| ventral/inferior | towards bottom |
| medial | towards middle |
| lateral | towards side/edge |
| ipsilateral | structures on the same side |
| contralateral | structures on opposite side (cross midline) |
| standing up: anterior | towards nose |
| standing up: posterior | towards back of head |
| standing up: dorsal | top of head |
| standing up: ventral | down towards spinal cord |
| horizontal cut (parallel to the ground) | separates the top from the bottom. |
| sagittal cut | right between eyes, can see everything but left vs. right brain |
| frontal (coronal) cut | separates the front from the back (like slicing a loaf of bread) |
| midsagittal plane | cuts precisely down the midline, splitting the brain into two equal symmetrical halves |
| top most part of brain (cerebrum) | hangs off brain stem, very folded (most important part of brain); receive sensory input from & control motor output (right controls left, vice versa) |
| in the back of brain (cerebellum) | hangs off brain stem, very folded. motor control center, controls the same side |
| corpus collosum | allows left and right brain to talk to each other |
| brain stem | very important for survival (heart rate, breathing, etc.) |
| spinal cord | long thin bundle of nervous tissue that extends from the brain stem |
| cauda equina | nerves at the very bottom of the spinal cord |
| where do the nuclei/grey matter live in the spinal cord? what about white matter/axons? | more towards the middle, white matter/axons on the edge |
| dorsal (spinal cord) | towards back/tail end, controls sensory input |
| ventral (spinal cord) | where tummy is (core) controls muscles |
| what is the purpose of the meninges? | protects against bone |
| dura mater meaning | outermost layer that's thick that surrounds and protects the spinal cord and brain |
| pia mater meaning | innermost thinnest that envelope the brain and spinal cord |
| arachnoid mater meaning | the middle layer that surrounds the brain and spinal cord |
| cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) meaning | -keeps the brain afloat -fills the sub-arachnoid space covering brain & spinal cord (between pia and arachnoid) -reabsorbed into veins |
| CNS blood barriers | -brain has many capillaries for nutrition -blood brain barrier/blood spinal cord barrier organize capillaries (tightly packed cells lining blood vessels walls) |
| somatic (PNS) | about outside world, moving body |
Created by:
madalynes