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Materials Unit One
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| atomic packing factor | ratio between smaller atom volumes inside a unit cell and the entire unit cell's volume, to measure the volume of unit cell occupied by atoms or ions |
| unit cell | crystal structure's basic structural unit |
| crystal structure | manner in which atoms or ions are arranged in a space |
| crystalline | periodic and repeating three-dimensional array of atoms, ions, or molecules |
| lattice | regular geometric arrangement of points in a crystal space |
| coordination number | nearest-neighbor atoms |
| face-centered cubic | atoms located at unit centers and face centers |
| body-centered cubic | atoms located at unit centers and the unit cell center |
| hexagonal close-packed | ABAB stacking of close-packed planes of atoms |
| imperfection | A deviation from perfection; normally applied to crystalline materials in which there is a deviation from atomic/molecular order and/or continuity. |
| point defect | A crystalline defect associated with one or, at most, several atomic sites. |
| impurity | An atom of a different element than the other atoms in the structure |
| linear density | number of atoms centered on a direction vector divided by the length of the direction vector |
| planar density | number of atoms centered on a crystallographic plane divided by the area of the plane |
| When considering slip _____ must be considered | linear and planar densities |
| FCC element examples | Aluminum, Copper, Silver, Nickel, Gold, Platinum |
| BCC element examples | Iron, Chromium, Vanadium |
| HCP element examples | Magnesium, Zinc, Titanium |
| SC element examples | Polonium |
| Both ___ and ___ have the same APF | FCC and HCP |
| FCC stacking sequence | ABC ABC ABC |
| HCP stacking sequence | ABABAB |
| Single crystal | A crystalline solid for which the periodic and repeated atomic pattern extends throughout its entirety without interruption |
| polycrystalline | Crystalline materials composed of more than one crystal or grain |
| Grain | An individual crystal in a polycrystalline metal or ceramic. |
| Grain boundary | The interface separating two adjoining grains having different crystallographic orientations. |
| Anistropic | Exhibiting different values of a property in different crystallographic directions. |
| Isotropic | Having identical values of a property in all crystallographic directions. |
| Example of isotropic material | Tungsten (BCC) |
| Bragg's Law | A formula that stipulates the condition for diffraction by a set of crystallographic planes |
| amorphous | Having a noncrystalline structure |
| noncrystalline | The solid state in which there is no long-range atomic order. Sometimes the terms amorphous, glassy, and vitreous are used synonymously |
| X-ray diffractometry | used for crystal structure and interplanar spacing determinations. A beam of x-rays directed on a crystalline material may experience diffraction (constructive interference) as a result of its interaction with a series of parallel atomic planes. |
| alloy | A metallic substance that is composed of two or more elements. |
| Solid solution | A homogeneous crystalline phase that contains two or more chemical species. Both substitutional and interstitial solid solutions are possible. |
| Solute | One component or element of a solution present in a minor concentration. It is dissolved in the solvent. |
| Solvent | The component of a solution present in the greatest amount. It is the component that dissolves a solute. |
| Substitutional solid solution | A solid solution in which the solute atoms replace or substitute for the host atoms. |
| Interstitial solid solution | A solid solution in which relatively small solute atoms occupy interstitial positions between the solvent or host atoms. |
| Atomic mass | Mass of a single, specific atom (Sum of protons and neutrons) |
| Atomic weight | Mass of all naturally occurring isotopes of an element |
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