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Stack #4710308
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are Retrieval Cues? How do they work? | Retrieval cues are clues, triggers, or associations that help you access and pull stored memories out of long-term storage. |
| What are the time and amount limits of Sensory Memory? | Sensory memory holds an unlimited amount of raw sensory information for a fraction of a second to a few seconds (0.5-2 seconds). |
| What are the time and amount limits of Short Term Memory (STM)? | Short-term memory holds about 5 to 9 items (7 ± 2) for roughly 20 to 30 seconds without active rehearsal. |
| What are the time and amount limits of Long Term Memory (LTM)? | Long-term memory has an essentially unlimited capacity for an unlimited duration (up to a lifetime). |
| What are three types of information that people tend to automatic process? | Space (where events occur), time (the sequence of events), and frequency (how many times something happens). |
| What is the difference between these two types of sensory memory: Iconic Memory and Echoic Memory? | Iconic memory is momentary visual sensory memory lasting about half a second, while echoic memory is momentary auditory sensory memory lasting 2 to 4 seconds. |
| How do the tests and benchmarks at BHS relate to the Spacing Effect? | Distributing practice and testing over time leads to far better long-term retention than cramming all at once. |
| Is it better to look over your notes or to test yourself on the information? | Why? It is better to test yourself because of the testing effect, which proves that actively retrieving information strengthens memory traces far more than passive re-reading. |
| How does the Self-Reference Effect encourage deep processing? | Relating information directly to your own life and personal experiences creates richer cognitive associations, leading to deeper encoding and superior recall. |
| What is the difference between the types of memories processed in the Hippocampus and those processed in the Cerebellum? | The hippocampus encodes explicit (declarative) memories like facts and personal events, while the cerebellum encodes implicit (procedural) memories like motor skills and classical conditioning. |
| What is the difference between Recognition and Recall? | Recognition requires identifying previously learned information when presented with choices (like multiple choice), while recall requires retrieving the information directly from memory without cues (like short answer). |
| Explain how seeing a picture of a bunny rabbit could prime you to spell hare instead of hair when your teacher says the word aloud. | Seeing the rabbit unconsciously primes the mental association for "hare," making that visual retrieval cue guide how you interpret the spoken word. |
| How are mood congruent memory and depression related? | A depressed mood serves as a retrieval cue that selectively brings back memories tagged with that same negative mood, maintaining the depressive cycle. |
| Explain how the serial position effect includes the primacy effect and the recency effect. | The serial position effect shows we recall items at the beginning of a list best (primacy effect) and items at the end of a list best (recency effect). |
| How are anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia different? | Anterograde amnesia is the inability to form new memories after brain damage, while retrograde amnesia is the loss of memories formed before the damage occurred. |
| How is interference different from amnesia? | Interference occurs when memories block one another from being retrieved even though they exist, whereas amnesia involves actual memory loss or inability to consolidate due to psychological or physical factors. |
| Explain when you lose the most information, according to Hermann Ebbinghaus's forgetting curve. What happens after that point? | You lose the vast majority of learned information immediately after learning it; after this rapid initial drop, the rate of forgetting levels off and stabilizes over time. |
| What are the three types of forgetting? | How do they differ? Encoding failure occurs when information never enters memory; storage failure occurs when physical memory traces decay over time; retrieval failure occurs when information is stored but cannot be accessed. |
| What is the difference between proactive interference and retroactive interference? | Proactive interference occurs when older memories disrupt the recall of newer information, while retroactive interference occurs when new information disrupts the recall of older memories. |
| How is the misinformation effect different from memory construction? | The misinformation effect happens when exposed to misleading post-event information that distorts recall, whereas memory construction is the broader process of filling in memory gaps with plausible guesses or past experiences. |
| How could source amnesia possibly lead me to think that something happened to me that didn't actually happen to me? | Source amnesia occurs when you retain the factual memory of an event but forget where you learned it, leading you to misattribute a story or dream as a real personal event. |
| Once you have a messy breakup, you often start remembering your early memories with that person as being crappy. What term causes this? | Memory construction, driven by current mood-congruent biases that reshape how past memories are reconstructed. |
| What is the difference between semantic encoding and visual encoding? | Semantic encoding processes the meaning of information for deep retention, whereas visual encoding processes physical visual images. |
| What type of forgetting would "Tip of the tongue" Phenomenon be? | Retrieval failure, because the memory is stored in long-term memory but lacks sufficient retrieval cues to access at that moment. |
| How are schema, assimilation, and accommodation related? | A schema is an overarching cognitive framework; assimilation fits new experiences directly into an existing schema, while accommodation alters or creates a schema to fit new, conflicting information. |
| What is a Prototype? | Describe your prototype for dog. A prototype is the single best, ideal example of a category; for example, a golden retriever is a common prototype for a "dog." |
| What is the difference between an Algorithm and a Heuristic? | An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure that guarantees a correct solution, while a heuristic is a quick mental shortcut that saves time but is prone to errors. |
| What is the difference between confirmation bias and belief perseverance? | Confirmation bias is actively seeking out information that supports your existing belief, whereas belief perseverance is clinging to your original belief even after it has been explicitly disproven. |
| Give an example of a time when you overcame Functional Fixedness. | Using a coin or flat key as a makeshift screwdriver when a real tool wasn't available. |
| How are the Representativeness Heuristic and the Availability Heuristic different? | The representativeness heuristic judges probability by comparing something to a prototype, while the availability heuristic estimates probability based on how easily vivid memories come to mind. |
| Explain how the words you use to speak to someone could lead to the Framing Effect. | The specific phrasing or presentation of an issue (such as "90% lean" versus "10% fat") influences decisions and perceptions without altering the objective facts. |
| How many phonemes are there in the English language? | There are approximately 40 distinct phonemes (basic units of sound) in English. |
| Explain how an S at the end of a word would sometimes be a morpheme and sometimes not be a morpheme. | An "s" is a morpheme when it adds meaning like pluralizing a word ("cats"), but not when it is an intrinsic part of a single-meaning root word ("bus"). |
| How is the one-word stage different from the babbling stage? | The babbling stage (around 4 months) involves producing random speech sounds without meaning, while the one-word stage (around 12 months) involves using single words intentionally to communicate meaning. |
| What is the Critical period for acquisition of a first language? | What about a second language? The critical period for a first language is early childhood (before age 7); for mastering a second language without an accent, it is before puberty. |
| According to linguistic determinism, what do your words determine? | Language determines and shapes the structure of what a person can think about and perceive. |
| How does the diathesis-stress model explain the origin of mental health disorders? | Disorders result from a pre-existing biological or genetic predisposition (diathesis) that is triggered by environmental factors or severe stress. |
| What does the DSM-5 do? | What does it NOT do? The DSM-5 classifies, categorizes, and provides diagnostic criteria for mental disorders; it does not explain the underlying causes (etiology) or specify treatment protocols. |
| What is a benefit of labeling someone with a mental health diagnosis? | What is a consequence? A benefit is providing standardized communication across healthcare providers to direct effective treatment; a consequence is creating social stigma and self-fulfilling prophecies. |
| What are some major symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder? | How long do the symptoms need to last in order to be diagnosed? Symptoms include persistent low mood, loss of interest/pleasure (anhedonia), sleep disturbances, fatigue, and feelings of worthlessness lasting at least two consecutive weeks. |
| How do dissociative disorders relate to consciousness? | Dissociative disorders involve a disruption or breakdown in the normal integration of conscious awareness, memory, identity, or perception. |
| What is the defining characteristic of Dissociative Identity Disorder? | The presence of two or more distinct, alternating personality states that recurrently control a person's behavior and consciousness. |
| What is the defining characteristic of dissociative Amnesia? | A sudden inability to recall important personal autobiographical memory (usually traumatic in nature) with no organic or physical brain damage. |
| If I tell my Cognitive Therapist that I'm a complete failure at life because I couldn't run a mile in under 10 minutes, how might the therapist respond? | The therapist would gently challenge your cognitive distortion (overgeneralization) and help you examine the evidence to replace the irrational thought with a balanced perspective. |
| How are Rational-emotive behavior therapy, Beck's Cognitive Therapy, and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy different? | REBT (Ellis) uses direct, confrontational techniques to challenge irrational beliefs; Beck's Cognitive Therapy uses gentle, collaborative questioning; CBT combines restructuring negative thoughts with active behavioral modifications. |
| How are Rational-emotive behavior therapy, Beck's Cognitive Therapy, and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy similar? | They all operate from the cognitive model, focusing on changing negative or irrational thought patterns to improve emotional well-being and behavior. |
| What is Consciousness? | Consciousness is an individual's subjective awareness of internal mental states (thoughts, feelings) and external environmental surroundings. |
| What happens in REM Sleep? | Vivid dreaming occurs alongside rapid eye movements, high brain wave activity, and total body muscle paralysis (atonia). |
| How does the length of REM Sleep change as you progress through the night? | REM sleep stages become progressively longer with each successive 90-minute sleep cycle throughout the night. |
| Which stage of sleep is most important for repairing muscles and growing muscles? | Stage 3 NREM deep sleep (slow-wave sleep), during which the pituitary gland releases growth hormone. |
| How are Insomnia and Narcolepsy different? | Insomnia is a persistent difficulty falling or staying asleep, whereas narcolepsy is characterized by sudden, uncontrollable daytime sleep attacks directly into REM sleep. |
| What is somnambulism and when does it occur? | Somnambulism is sleepwalking, which occurs specifically during Stage 3 NREM deep sleep. |
| What are some possible reasons for dreams? | Information processing (memory consolidation), activation-synthesis (making sense of random neural firings from the brainstem), and physiological function (brain stimulation and repair). |
| If you are woken up every time you start to dream, REM rebound would happen. What is REM rebound? | REM rebound is the tendency for the brain to experience increased duration and frequency of REM sleep after being deprived of it. |
| What is the difference between problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping? | Problem-focused coping attempts to alter or eliminate the stressor directly, while emotion-focused coping aims to regulate or reduce the emotional distress associated with the stressor. |
| Which chemicals are secreted to cause Canon's Fight or Flight response? | Epinephrine (adrenaline), norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and cortisol secreted by the adrenal glands. |
| What are the three stages of Selye's General Adaption Syndrome? | Alarm reaction (initial fight-or-flight), Resistance (sustained physiological coping), and Exhaustion (depleted resources leading to vulnerability). |
| How do stress-related vulnerability and lymphocytes relate to the final stage of GAS? | Prolonged stress suppresses white blood cells (lymphocytes), leaving the immune system weakened and increasing vulnerability to illness during the exhaustion stage. |
| What types of activities and mindsets can alleviate some of the health problems associated with stress? | Aerobic exercise, mindfulness meditation, social support networks, adequate sleep, and an optimistic explanatory style. |
| What is the relative impact of adverse childhood experiences on adult health versus adverse adult experiences on adult health? | Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have a greater, long-term impact on adult physical and mental health because they alter baseline neurological and biological development during critical developmental periods. |
| Why might one person experience distress and another person experience eustress in response to the same situation? | Because of cognitive appraisal—evaluating a situation as an overwhelming threat produces distress, whereas appraising it as an achievable challenge produces eustress. |
Created by:
lcurty100