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BIOL116 muscular
UC human biology (2026 +)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Skeletal muscle | Attaches to skeleton and provides strength and mobility |
| Where is the cardiac muscle found? | Only in the heart |
| Where is smooth muscle found? | Walls of digestive tract, blood vessels, uterus, ureters |
| Voluntary muscle movement | Conscious control over movement |
| Involuntary muscle movement | Unconscious control over movement |
| Excitable | Contract in response to electrical or chemical stimuli |
| Contract and Relax | Shorten and Lengthen |
| Synergistic muscles | Muscles that work together to create the same movement |
| Antagonistic muscles | Muscles that oppose each other |
| How are muscles attached to bones? | By attaching to a stable bone (origin), and then attaching the end of the muscle to another bone across a joint (insertion). The action pulls the insertion towards the origin |
| Muscles | Group of muscle cells with the same origin, insertion, and function |
| Fascicles | Bundles of muscle fibres (cells) wrapped with a connective tissue (fascia) |
| What are muscle fibres (cells) | Long, tube shaped, multinucleate, and full of myofibrils that contain proteins actin and myosin |
| Sarcomere | Segment of myofibril extending from one z line to the next (contractile unit) |
| Z lines | Attachment points for sarcomeres |
| Myosin (sarcomere) | Forms thick filaments |
| Actin (sarcomere) | Forms thin filaments |
| Muscle contraction (myosin/actin) | When the ATP powers the myosin to pull actin towards it. The actin then forms a twisted scaffold and is bound by myosin. The sarcomere then shortens as the muscle contracts. (myosin brings the actin towards it, shortening the muscle) |
| Contraction | Skeletal muscle is activated by a nerve. That nerve activations increases the amount of calcium in the area of the contractile proteins, which allows the muscle to contract. When the nerve stimulation stops, contraction stops |
| Motor nerve | Special nerve that activates the skeletal muscle cells |
| ATP | Source of energy needed for muscle contraction and relaxation. |
| How is ATP replenished? | Stored glycogen, creatine phosphate, aerobic metabolism of glucose and other high energy molecules |
| Isotonic contractions | Muscle shortens, while maintaining a constant force, movement occurs (e.g., curling the arm) |
| Isometric contractions | Force is generated, muscle doesn't shorten, no movement (e.g., holding a squat) |
| Motor neuron disease | Motor neuron's stop working and die overtime. Muscles then weaken and stop working. Person will stop being able to breath or move, but their brain will be fully aware. |
| Tetanus | Bacteria gets into a cut and releases a toxin that attacks the nervous system, causing painful muscle spasms. |
| Type 1 | Slow twitch. Aerobic (oxidative) metabolism |
| Type 2A | Intermediate fast twitch. Aerobic (oxidative) and aerobic (glycolytic) metabolism |
| Type 2X | Fast twitch. Anaerobic (glycolytic) metabolism |
| Slow twitch | Contracts slowly. Well supplied by blood vessels and makes ATP through aerobic (oxygen) metabolism. For endurance |
| Fast twitch | Contracts quickly. Rapidly breaks down ATP and has little to no blood vessels. Stores a lot of glycogen and used for brief high intensity activities (sprinting) |
| Cardiac muscle | Sarcomere arrangement of thick and thin filaments. Joined by intercalated discs which allow the cells to electrically stimulate the next one. Responds to the autonomic nervous sytem. |
| Smooth muscle | Filaments arranged in a criss crossed bundle, not sarcomeres. Joined by gap junctions that allow the cells to activate each other. Responds to the autonomic nervous sytem. |
| Speed of muscle contraction (in order from fastest to slowest) | Skeletal, cardiac, smooth |
| How does a heart attack happen? | Blood flow is blocked, so oxygen can't reach the muscles. Muscles can't make ATP and the cells start to die. Cardiac muscle contractions weaken or stop due to no ATP and the electrical conduction is disrupted (irregular rhythms) |
| Muscular dystrophy | Genetic disease. Modified dystrophin proteins enable leakage of calcium into muscle cells, which activate enzymes that destroy muscle proteins. The muscle then weakens and is replaced with fibrous connective tissue |
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