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The Cell
Flashcards about the cell, components, theories, history
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Robert Hooke | The scientist who observed dead cork tissue with a microscope and found cells. He coined the term "cells." |
| Antonie van Leeuwenhoek | The first person to observe living and moving cells under a microscope. |
| 1665 | The year Robert Hooke observed cells. |
| Cell Membrane | A pliable structure composed primarily of back-to-back phospholipids (a “bilayer”). It provides a protective barrier around the cell and regulates which materials can pass in or out. |
| Phospholipid | A molecule with a hydrophilic phosphate group on one end, called the head, and two side by side chains of hydrophobic fatty acids making up lipid tails. |
| Hydrophilic | A molecule (or part of a molecule) that is attracted to water. |
| Hydrophobic | A molecule (or part of a molecule) that repels or is repelled by water. |
| Phospholipid Bilayer | Two layers of phospholipids that make up the cell membrane, with the phosphate heads pointing outwards, towards the intra and extra cellular fluid, and the hydrophobic lipid tails pointing inwards towards each other. |
| Amphipathic Molecule | A molecule that contains both a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic region. |
| Intracellular Fluid | The fluid inside of the cell. |
| Extracellular Fluid | The fluid environment outside the enclosure of the cell membrane. |
| Integral Protein | A protein that is embedded in the membrane. |
| Channel Protein | An integral protein that selectively allows particular materials, such as certain ions, to pass into or out of the cell. |
| Cell Recognition Proteins | Integral proteins that mark a cell’s identity so that it can be recognized by other cells. |
| Receptor Protein | A recognition protein that can selectively bind a specific molecule outside the cell, and this binding induces a chemical reaction within the cell. |
| Ligand | The specific molecule that binds to and activates a receptor protein on a cell. |
| Glycoprotein | A protein that has carbohydrate molecules attached, which extend into the extracellular matrix. The attached carbohydrate tags on glycoproteins aid in cell recognition. |
| Glycocalyx | A fuzzy-appearing coating around the cell formed from glycoproteins and other carbohydrates attached to the cell membrane. They function in various ways. |
| Peripheral Proteins | Typically found on the inner or outer surface of the lipid bilayer but can also be attached to the internal or external surface of an integral protein. Usually perform a specific function. |
| Tight Junction | Connect cells tightly together, leaving no extracellular space between them and blocking movement through the space between the cells. |
| Anchoring Junction | Provide strong and flexible connections between cells. |
| Gap Junction | Forms an intercellular passageway between the membranes of adjacent cells to facilitate the movement of small molecules and ions between the cytoplasm of adjacent cells. |
| Selective Permeability | A membrane that allows only substances meeting certain criteria to pass through it unaided. |
| Passive Transport | The cell assisted movement of substances across the membrane without the expenditure of cellular energy. |
| Active Transport | The cell assisted movement of substances across the membrane, usually against their concentration gradient, using cellular energy. |
| Diffusion | The movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. |
| Concentration Gradient | The difference in concentration of a substance across a space. |
| Facilitated Diffusion | The diffusion process used for those substances that cannot cross the lipid bilayer due to their size, charge, and/or polarity. Membrane proteins allow these substances into the cell, utilizing diffusion to prevent energy use. |
| Tonicity | The concentration of solutes in extracellular fluid compared to the concentration in intercellular fluid. |
| Isotonic | Concentration of solutes in extracellular fluid is equal to intracellular fluid. Water does not diffuse in any particular direction. |
| Osmosis | The diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane. |
| Hypertonic | Concentration of solutes in extracellular fluid is greater than the intracellular fluid. Water diffuses out of the cell, causing it to shrivel. |
| Hypotonic | Concentration of solutes in extracellular fluid is less than the intracellular fluid. Water diffuses into the cell, causing it to swell and/or burst. |
| Filtration | Uses a hydrostatic pressure gradient that pushes fluid—and solutes within it—from a higher pressure area to a lower pressure area. |
| Sodium-Potassium Pump | An important ion pump that uses active transport to push sodium out and pull potassium in against their concentration gradients to maintain an electrical gradient. |
| Electrical Gradient | A difference in electrical charge across a space. |
| Endocytosis | The process of a cell ingesting material by enveloping it in a portion of its cell membrane, and then pinching off that portion of membrane. Once pinched off, the portion of membrane and its contents becomes an independent, intracellular vesicle. |
| Phagocytosis | The endocytosis of large particles, usually for the cell to digest them. |
| Pinocytosis | The cell brings fluid containing dissolved substances into it through membrane vesicles. |
| Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis | Endocytosis by a portion of the membrane that contains many receptors for a certain substance (ligands). Once the receptors have bound sufficient amounts, the cell will endocytose the part of the cell membrane containing the receptor-ligand complexes. |
| Exocytosis | The process of a cell exporting material out of the cell using vesicular transport. |
| Secretion | When a vesicle containing cell produced substances fuses with the cell membrane and releases its contents into the interstitial fluid. |
| Cytoplasm | The gel fluid that fills a cell and all of the contents it contains, excluding the nucleus. |
| Cytosol | The gel fluid that fills a cell that provides the fluid medium necessary for biochemical reactions. |
| Organelles | Various membrane-enclosed bodies in the cell that each perform a unique function. |
| Nucleus | A cell’s central organelle, which contains the cell’s DNA. |
| The Endomembrane System | Organelles that work together to perform various cellular jobs, including producing, packaging, and exporting certain cellular products. These organelles are the endoplasmic reticulum, the golgi apparatus, and vesicles. |
Created by:
marinareagankhan