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SA Nursing1111 Wk3
Restraint
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1. Define “restraint”. | the holding back, checking, or suppressing of action; keeping under control; or depriving of physical freedom |
| 2. Why is proper restraint of animals important? | To safely position a patient so that it can receive medical care To prevent the animal from harming itself while it is receiving medical care To protect personnel |
| 3. Who is responsible for any injuries incurred by veterinary personnel and clients during the performance of veterinary procedures? | Practice/owner, personnel involved veterinarian is liable if the owner is bitten |
| / | |
| 4. Understand the different levels of restraint. | •Mild •Moderate •Restricted |
| 5. When restraining an animal, what 2 things should you consider in order to prevent injuries from occurring to you and the patient? | 1. What type of animal behavior am I dealing with? 2. How can this animal hurt me? |
| / | |
| 6. What effects can improper restraint have on patients? | Improper restraint cat affect an animal physically and/or psychologically for the rest of its life |
| 7. Why isn’t it a good idea to have the pet’s owner restrain? | •Animals can read O's emotions & react similarly FAS •Protection •O's do not understand complexities of restraint •O's do not understand what it takes to keep control for duration of procedure |
| 8. When performing any tasks, including restraint tasks, what is one of the most important thing to do prior to beginning the procedure? | PLANNING: plan to ensure safety; know which restraint techniques work; sequence of procedures; backup/pivot plan; work to more restrictive methods; chemical restraint/reschedule |
| / | |
| 9. What is “chemical restraint”? | The use of drugs w/ effects ranging from sedation to complete immobilization. Sedation or tranquilization can remove FAS. However fight or flight can override effects of drugs |
| 10. What precautions should you take when using chemical sedation? | •Know drug and dosage for desired effects •Know how to handle the animal once the drug has been given and how to monitor vitals •Animal must never be left alone •Fearful/aggressive animals may become more so during recovery |
| 11. Why does the temperature of the environment matter when restraining and animal? | Hot or cold can cause problems w/ restraint. Some species (pigs, sheep) become hyperthermic easy; Hypothermia in cold weather a concern for restrained animals; hypothermia in anesth/sedated animals |
| 12. How much restraint should you strive to use? | Minimal amount possible |
| 13. What causes most aggressive type behaviors in the clinic? | |
| 14. What 2 things should you do to evaluate a patient when it comes into the clinic (before you even touch the patient)? | Get history from chart/csr/owner on behavior and how pet responds to touch Observe from afar behavior/body language, emotional state (FAS). |
| / | |
| 15. List some behaviors that may be perceived as threatening to an animal. | Loud noises, such as clapping hands, large rapid movements, and appearing tall or imposing, should be avoided, repeated in and out of exam room. |
| 16. Describe what occurs in a “fight or flight” response. | If threat: get away from attacker or fight to preserve my life Stim of sympathetic nervous system ↑TPR; ↑blood flow to muscles, lungs, &brain; changes prepare animal to ↑distance from threat by escaping (flight) or by showing defensive aggression (fight) |
| 17. Learn about muzzles, cat bags, towels, blankets, distractions, and “scruffing.” | |
| 18. When restraining a patient, what should you check for periodically? Why is this important? | the behavioral signals of FAS in patients: helps veterinary professionals avoid the fear-induced defensive aggression of their patients Can change quickly Vitals? |
| 1. What is the most feared complication (due to a viral infection) of an animal bite? | Rabies |
| 2. What causes Rabies? (How is it transmitted? Is it a bacterial or viral infection?) | Rabies is a virus that is spread thru the saliva of infected, fur-bearing animals (mammals) getting in bites or scratches. Risk is greater w/ multiple bites or bites close to/on the head |
| 3. What clinical signs can result due to Rabies infection? | Unusual, often aggressive behavior |
| 4. Why is an animal that has bitten someone quarantined for 10 days? | |
| 5. What is the most common complication from an animal bite? | Skin infection |
| 6. What are some injuries that occur due to dog bites? | Scratches, deep open cuts, puncture wounds, crush injuries, and tearing away of a body part, rarely cause death |
| 7. What are some characteristics and some clinical signs that can result due to cat bites? | •Infection progresses rapidly, 12-24 hrs •2/3 bites involve arms and hands; scratches usually on upper extremities & face •hand bites can involve infections in surrounding bones (osteomyelitis) and joints (septic arthritis) due to long, sharp teeth |
| 8. What are some clinical signs associated with an infected bite wound? | Redness, swelling, and intense pain |
| 9. Bites from which animal commonly result in infections: Dog bites or cat? Why? | Cat bites due to deep puncture wounds from long, slender, sharp teeth |
| 10. What should you do immediately after being bitten by an animal? | Clean the wound with soap and large amount of water. Pressure to stop any bleeding |
| 11. For bite wound treatment, what types of wounds would not be sutured immediately after the bite? | Crush injuries Puncture wounds Bites involving the hands Dog bite wounds that occurred many hours earlier Cat or human bites, except those to the face Bite wounds in people who have a weakened immune system |
| / | |
| 1. Define the term, brachycephalic | •Greek roots brachy, meaning short and cephalic, meaning head • "Short-headed" |
| 2. List some brachycephalic dog breeds. | Pug, Boston Terrier, Pekingese, Boxer, Bulldog, Shih Tzu |
| 3. What are some of the anatomical characteristics of a brachycephalic breed? | Stenotic nares Elongated soft palate Tracheal stenosis - trachea (windpipe) is dangerously narrow Everted Laryngeal Saccules Shallow eye sockets, eye lids that cannot close fully Entropion, skin fold infections |
| 4. What are some problems that may occur due to these anatomical characteristics? | Respiratory distress, snorting/snoring, difficulty under anesthsia with tracheal stenosis, heat stress due to inefficient panting, eye proptosis, entropion, skin fold infections, early periodontal dz |
| 5. List restraint devices available for dogs. | variety of muzzles, towels and blankets, gloves/gauntlets, sedation/chemical restraint, hands, voice, distraction, rope leash, capture poles, doors and panels, e.collars, cervical collars |
| 6. How long would you want to leave a nylon muzzle on the patient? Why? | "a short period of time" since precludes panting and drinking |
| 7. What type of muzzles might work best for brachycephalic breeds, as it allows the animal to pant and therefore, cool off a bit? | Basket/wire muzzles designed for brachycephalic pts, allow panting, air muzzle, e.collar, |
| 8. Why should chemical restraint be considered as a last resort? | ? due to possible underlying health conditions? |
| 9. What are 2 circumstances where chemical restraint can be very useful? | ?animal is a danger to themselves ?animal is a danger to vet staff |
| / | |
| Special handling for: Puppies | must be watched constantly hand is always in contact to prevent falls snug them close to your body use your “mommy” dog voice when they are being naughty and your calm and friendly voice when they are being good |
| Special handling for: Pregnant dogs | When restraining a pregnant bitch, always be aware of where your hands are and how much pressure you are applying to the dog’s abdomen |
| Special handling for: Geriatric dogs | Their joints can be arthritic and should not be maneuvered into awkward positions. Gentle handling is the key to working with the “old-timers.” |
| • Special handling for: Injured dogs | Treat with extreme caution Always muzzle unless head injury or vomiting Move with stretcher or some alternative like a blanket |
| • Special handling for: Nervous dogs | handle w/ great caution, as they can be easily provoked to bite never grab it if it flees as will bite at hand Offer your hand for sniffing. If the dog pulls its lips back in a grimace or growls, it is best to retreat and handle it as an aggressive dog |
| • Special handling for: Aggressive dogs | Monitor for signs of aggression Always use two people Avoid direct eye contact Stand to the side |
| / | |
| •Restraint for a dog in: Standing restraint | standing all 4 on flat surface, "seat belt" arm positioning |
| • Restraint for a dog in: Sitting restraint | Sitting position with same arm restraint |
| • Restraint for a dog in: Lateral recumbency – right and left lateral recumbency | Pt is laying on side with dependent (down) legs elevated/restrained |
| • Restraint for a dog in: Sternal recumbency | Starting sitting, pull front legs forward to rest under pt's chin |
| • Restraint for a dog in: Dorsal recumbency | Pt is laying on their back. Important to turn down same direction as turned up |
| / | |
| •Restraint techniques for a dog: Physical exam | Floor; table or other elevated surface Inside hospital housing Standing Sternal recumbency |
| •Restraint techniques for a dog : SQ / IM injections | Floor; table or other elevated surface Inside hospital housing Standing Walking Sitting Sternal, lateral, or voluntary dorsal recumbency |
| •Restraint techniques for a dog: Rectal exams | Standing |
| • Restraint techniques for a dog: Ear / Eye exams and administering medications | Sternal |
| • Restraint techniques for a dog: Jugular venipuncture | Standing Sitting Lateral recumbency Sternal recumbency |
| • Restraint techniques for a dog: Cephalic venipuncture | Standing Sitting Sternal recumbency |
| • Restraint techniques for a dog: Lateral saphenous venipuncture | Standing Sternal recumbency on a hip with rear limbs extended Lateral recumbency Neck towel |
| 1. List some brachycephalic cat breeds. | Persian, Himalayan and Burmese |
| 2. What are some of the anatomical characteristics of a brachycephalic cat breed? | stenotic nares, an elongated soft palate, a hypoplastic trachea and everted laryngeal saccules |
| 3. What are some problems that may occur due to these anatomical characteristics? | •↑airway resistance, therefore ↑ effort required to inhale •mouth breathing since breathing is difficult through the nose •noisy breathing •snoring •tire easy/collapse/faint after exertion •coughing, gagging, retching, vomiting •2° strain on the heart |
| 4. List restraint devices available for cats. | •chemical restraint •gauntlets •cat bag/restraint bag •various feline muzzle •air muzzle •towel/blanket •carrier •cat nabber/net •cat lasso |
| 5. What are some important rules to follow when handling cats? | •Close all doors, etc. •Remove everything from exam table •Use minimal restraint •Don't treat all cats the same/read body language •Use distraction •Don't lose your temper |
| 6. List some distraction techniques used on cats. | •funny noise •scratching ears/chin •tapping the face •blowing on its nose •wiggling legs or body •food/treats |
| •Know Pretzel hold/restraint for a cat | Grasp as much skin as you can over the cat’s neck & shoulders. Grasp the back leg (on the same side as your thumb that is holding the scruff) w/ otr hand.Bend cat twd that back leg & hook its hock w/ your thumb. Presents biceps femoris muscle for IM inj |
| •Know Standing restraint for a cat | Scruff with dominant hand, thumb pointing twd rear end. Support the abdomen w/ other hand, elbows tucked w/ cat snuggled close to your body. |
| •Know Sitting restraint for a cat | start in standing w/ hand near its hips ease into sit. |
| • Know Lateral recumbency restraint for a cat – left lateral recumbency | Lt hand scruffs cat w/ thumb twd head. Steady cat btwn arms w/ otr hand. Slide rt hand under back legs, grasping above hocks & placing finger btwn legs. Stretch & rotate it onto its side. Mtn ctrl by stretching it entire length of forearm |
| • Know Lateral recumbency restraint for a cat – right lateral recumbency | Right lateral: Same as left-lateral recumbency. Start with right hand on the scruff and use your left hand to control the cat's back legs. |
| • Know Sternal restraint for a cat | Start standing, w/ hand near hips ease into sit. Push ↓ front legs, sliding them to a rest under the cat's chin. Maintain ctrl of head so can't bite hands holding the legs. Maintain sternal pos w / ↓ pressure using free hand to snug cat into your body |
| • Know Dorsal recumbency for a cat | Pt is laying on its back, cats usually don't' like abdomen touched/exposed |
| •Restraint techniques for a cat: Physical exam | Floor; table or other elevated surface Inside cat carrier Inside hospital housing Standing Sternal recumbency Partial towel wrap |
| •Restraint techniques for a cat: SQ / IM injections | cat nabber pretzel hold for IM injections Floor; table or other elevated surface Inside cat carrier Inside hospital housing Standing Walking Sitting Sternal, lateral, or voluntary dorsal recumbency Partial towel wrap |
| • Restraint techniques for a cat: Ear / Eye exams and administering medications | sternal restraint |
| •Restraint techniques for a cat: Jugular venipuncture | Standing Sitting Lateral recumbency Sternal recumbency Dorsal recumbency Partial towel wrap |
| • Restraint techniques for a cat: Cephalic venipuncture | Standing Sitting Sternal recumbency Partial towel wrap |
| • Restraint techniques for a cat: Lateral saphenous venipuncture | Standing Sternal recumbency on a hip with rear limbs extended Lateral recumbency |
| 9. Define “scruffing”. | Grasping as much loose skin as possible behind the head and neck. Allows secure hold of the cat's head w/o making it feel trapped. Imitates a queen moving kittens |
| What are some precautions for using "scruffing"? | Remove collar, Use dominant hand, owner may object |
| 10. How should cats be transported to and from the veterinary clinic? | In a carrier |
| 11. What can be used in the carrier to help calm the cat? | pheromone-sprayed familiar towels, place catnip, and treats in the carrier to help reduce the animal’s anxiety during transport |
| 12. What are some things to do if a cat will not come out of a cat carrier? | Floor w/ open door for opportunity to walk out on its own The cat’s cheek and chin should be stroked for a few moments Examine in carrier/cat's preferred area |
Created by:
shawamber