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microbio unit 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| domain | separates organisms by fundamental cell types and genetics |
| kingdom | divides domains by major ways of living or getting energy |
| genus and species | genus = human last name species = human first name |
| eukarytoes | have a true nucleus and other membrane bound organelles |
| prokaryotes | do NOT have a true nucleus or enclosed internal parts |
| lipid A | found in G- cells; disaccharide component of the cell wall that has multiple fatty acid tails that reach into the outer membrane and is very anogenic -- > very toxic endotoxin |
| what cell type has a very thick layer of peptidoglycan | Gram positive |
| exotoxins are secreted by | both G+ and G- |
| acid fast | have a G+ cell wall structure but also a waxy layer of glycolipids and fatty acids |
| flagella - | exterior protein filaments that rotate and allow bacteria to be motile |
| pili (fimbriae) | hairlike projections that aid in attachment to surfaces |
| fusiform | football shaped |
| pleomorphic | can alter their size, shape, or morphology in response to environmental conditions or stress |
| gram stain provides 2 important features: | the gram reaction (color) and cell morphology (shape) |
| the gram stain method was revised by ________________ in _______ | Hans Christian Gram in 1884 |
| primary stain for acid fast | carbolfuchsin |
| acridine orange | metachromatic stain that stains the nuclei of both G+ and G- bacteria, either living or dead; used to locate bacteria in blood cultures and other specimens where the background material obscures gram stains |
| methylene blue | stains for corynebacterium diphtheriae to show metachromatic granules; used as counter stain in acid fast procedure |
| lactophenol cotton blue | fungal stain |
| calcofluor white | fluorescent fungal stain |
| india ink | used to demonstrate the capsules around certain yeasts -- negative stain |
| spore stain | malachite green, counter with safranin |
| autotroph (lithotrophs) | able to grow simply, using only CO2, water, inorganic salts |
| heterotrophic | require more complex substances for growth |
| what is the pH of most media | 7-7.5 |
| psychrophiles | thrive in extreme cold - grow best at 59F or 15C |
| mesophiles | thrive in moderate temperatures - 35C |
| thermophiles | thrive in hot temperatures --> 41C to 122C |
| obligate aerobes | require oxygen |
| obligate anaerobes | do not require oxygen |
| facultative anaerobes | can grow with or without oxygen |
| capnophilic | grow better with CO2 |
| microaerophilic | only need very little oxygen |
| nutrient medium | made of extracts of meat or soy beans |
| enriched medium | nutrient medium with extra growth factors (ex: blood) |
| selective medium | contains additives that inhibit the growth of some bacteria while allowing others to grow |
| differential medium | contains additives that allow visualization of metabolic differences in bacteria |
| transport medium | holding medium to preserve bacteria but does not allow multiplication |
| binary fission | how bacteria reproduce; asexual reproduction where parent copies DNA and splits into 2 identical daughter cells |
| fermentation | anaerobic enzymatic breakdown of carbs that occurs in obligate and facultative anaerobes |
| oxidation (respiration) | more efficient energy generating process; molecular oxygen is the electron acceptor |
| exotoxins | secreted by living bacterial cells, both G+ and G- bacteria; usually specific to bacterial species |
| endotoxins | LPS on cell wall of G- bacteria --> released upon cell lysis; not specific to species |
| gene | DNA segment that is functional and physical inheritance unit; found in the cytoplasm but may also be located on non chromosomal genes |
| plasmid | extra piece of DNA; code for antibiotic resistance and other virulence factors are often found on plasmids |
| mutations | changes in the DNA code; reuslts in changes in the coded protein or in the prevention of its synthesis |
| transformation | naked DNA fragments from one bacteria released during cell lysis bind to the CW of another bacteria |
| transduction | takes place when a virus infects or lyses bacteria (bacteriophage) |
| conjugation | DNA is transferred directly by cell to cell contact resulting in an efficient exchange of genetic material |
| transposon insertion | pieces of DNA can insert themselves into a donor chromosome without having DNA homology |
| LAI | lab acquired infection |
| airborne pathogens cause | strep throat, otitis media, diphtheria, rhinoviruses |
| zoonoses | diseases of animals transmitted to humans |
| OSHA | occupational safety and health administration |
| CAP | college of american pathologists |
| 3 levels of labs | sentinel labs reference labs national labs |
| biological safety cabinet | BSC; protect against aerosols |
| what class of BSC do most clinical labs use | IIA |
| autoclave | uses steam under pressure to sterilize 121 C and 15psi for 1 hour |
| sterilization | physical or chemical process that kills all microorganisms |
| disinfection | destroys most microbes, but does not kill spores |
| biocides | chemical agents that inactivate microorganisms |
| HEPA | high efficiency particulate air |
| disinfectants vs antiseptics | disinfectants - chemicals applied to inanimate objects antiseptics - disinfectants applied to living tissue |
| what is used for cold sterilization | formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde |
| most common LAI | shigellosis, salmonellosis, mycobacterium, tuberculosis, brucellosis, hepatitis |
| normal flora | bacteria that colonize sites of the human body without causing disease in a healthy host |
| colonization | growth of microorganisms on host without damage |
| indigenous flora | normal flora for that body site |
| resident microbial flora | organisms that. colonize an area for a long time (MRSA) |
| transient flora | temporary |
| carrier state | host harbors microorganisms without showing any symptoms |
| symbiotic | close, long term relationship between two different living organisms |
| commensal | one organism depends on another while the second is unaffected |
| parasitic | organism that lives on or inside another organism at the hosts expense |
| etiologic agent | specific biological, chemical, or physical cause of a disease or medical condition |
| resevoir | anywhere an infectious pathogen lives |
| virulence | degree or damage of harm that a pathogen causes to its host |
| primary (true) pathogen | causes disease in a host regardless of host immune status or normal microbiota |
| opportunistic pathogen | disease that occurs when host is immunocompromised |
| healthcare associated infections (HAI) | infections that occur when receiving treatment for another condition |
| iatrogenic | occurs because of a medical intervention or treatment |
| systemic | infection that spreads from original site |
| virulence factors | attachment, enzymes, capsule, toxins |
| indicence | rate or frequency of new cases of disease |
| prevalence | measures how common a disease is within a specific population at a given time |
| endemic | disease native to a specific region |
| epidemic | sudden increase in disease in a specific area |
| pandemic | spread of disease across a large region |
| outbreak | sudden increase in number of people affected by something unpleasant/ dangerous |
| morbidity | state of having disease |
| what kind of urine specimens | midstream and first morning |
| why is sputum difficult to collect | contamination from oropharyngeal flora |
| proper ID attached to specimen containers | name, ID number, room number, physician, culture site, date and time of collection |
| urine specimens are preserved with | boric acid |
| eosin methylene blue (EMB) | isolates gram negative bacteria, differentiates fermenters |
| objectives | primary lens closest to the specimen that gathers light and creates the first magnified image- 4x 10x 40x or 100x |
| resolving power | ability to discern two different points; depends on wavelength and numerical aperature |
| brightfield microscopy | standard technique using white light to produce a dark image againsts a bright background |
| phase contrast microscopy | optical technique that turns invisible phase shifts in transparent specimens into visible changes in image contrast |
| dark field microscopy | enhances the contrast of transparent, unstained speciments by making them appear brightly lit against a dark background |
| fluorescent microscopy | uses fluorochrome that absorbs light in UV range and emit a longer wavelength |
| probe mediated stains | directed at a specific organism identification (antibody or DNA probe stains) |
| what dye binds mycolic acid | carbolfuchsin |
| alpha hemolysis | partial clearing of blood that results in a green discoloration of the medium |
| beta hemolysis | complete clearing of blood cells around the colonies |
| swarming | hazy blanket of growth on surface |
| umbilicate | convex with depressed center (pitting) |
| umbonate | convex with protruding nipple; diptheroids |
| what bacteria smells fruity or grape like | P. aeruginosa |
| gas bubbles indicate | enterics |
Created by:
kingsleya27