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World HS Test Prep 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Torah/Hebrew Bible | The sacred writings and teachings of Judaism, also called the Hebrew Bible. |
| Iron Weapons | Strong weapons made from a metal that helped the Assyrians build a powerful military. |
| Irrigation | A system that carries water to crops through canals, ditches, or channels. |
| Zhou Dynasty | The Chinese dynasty that introduced the idea of the Mandate of Heaven. |
| Grid-Planned Cities | Cities built with streets and buildings arranged in an organized pattern. |
| Abraham | The biblical ancestor traditionally considered the founder of the Hebrew people. |
| Dynastic Cycle | The repeating pattern in which a Chinese dynasty gains power, weakens, and is replaced. |
| Hanging Gardens | Famous gardens traditionally associated with the New Babylonian Empire. |
| Monsoons | Seasonal winds that can bring heavy rains to South Asia. |
| Cuneiform | A wedge-shaped writing system developed by the Sumerians and pressed into clay tablets. |
| Social Classes | Groups in society based on differences in wealth, occupation, status, or power. |
| Pharaoh | The title used by the rulers of ancient Egypt. |
| Covenant | A sacred agreement or promise between God and a person or group. |
| Agricultural Surplus | Extra food produced beyond what a community immediately needs. |
| Fertile Crescent | A crescent-shaped region of fertile land in Southwest Asia where early farming civilizations developed. |
| Hunter-Gatherers | People who obtain food by hunting animals and gathering wild plants. |
| Mandate of Heaven | The belief that a Chinese ruler could govern only while supported by divine approval. |
| Oracle Bones | Animal bones or turtle shells used by Shang rulers to seek guidance from ancestors. |
| Synagogue | A Jewish place of worship and religious study. |
| Sumerians | The people who developed one of the earliest known civilizations in southern Mesopotamia. |
| Agricultural Revolution | The transition from hunting and gathering to farming and permanent settlements. |
| Pictographs | Simple drawings or symbols that represent objects or ideas. |
| Bronze Casting | The process of shaping tools and objects from an alloy of copper and tin. |
| Shang Dynasty | The Chinese dynasty known for oracle bones and advanced bronze casting. |
| Hieroglyphics | A system of picture symbols used by ancient Egyptians for writing. |
| Indus River Valley | An ancient civilization known for carefully planned cities and advanced sanitation. |
| Egypt | The ancient civilization that developed along the Nile River in northeastern Africa. |
| Mesopotamia | The region between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, often called the “land between the rivers.” |
| Babylonian Empire | The empire centered in Babylon that was associated with Hammurabi and Nebuchadnezzar. |
| Persian Empire | A large empire known for its Royal Road and organized administration. |
| Domestication | The process of adapting wild plants and animals for human use. |
| Nebuchadnezzar | The New Babylonian ruler associated with the Hanging Gardens and the expansion of Babylon. |
| Royal Road | A long Persian road that improved travel, communication, trade, and government control. |
| Nomads | People who move from place to place rather than living permanently in one location. |
| Ziggurat | A large stepped temple structure found in ancient Mesopotamia. |
| Moses | The Hebrew leader who, according to the Bible, received the Ten Commandments. |
| Assyrian Empire | An empire known for military strength, conquest, and the use of iron weapons. |
| Satrapy | A province of the Persian Empire governed by an official called a satrap. |
| Hammurabi’s Code | A written collection of laws created under the Babylonian ruler Hammurabi. |
| Nile River | The major river that supported the development of ancient Egyptian civilization. |
| Tigris and Euphrates Rivers | Rivers that provided water, fertile soil, transportation, and trade routes for Mesopotamia. |
| Scribe | A trained record keeper or writer in an ancient civilization. |
| Ten Commandments | A set of religious and ethical laws given to Moses, according to the Bible. |
| Pyramid | A large stone monument built in ancient Egypt, often as a tomb for a ruler. |
| Judaism | The monotheistic religion of the ancient Hebrews. |
| Monotheism | Belief in one God. |
| Drainage Systems | Networks of pipes, channels, or sewers used to remove wastewater from cities. |
| Polytheism | Belief in many gods. |
| Diaspora | The scattering of a people from their original homeland to other regions. |
| Civilization Traits | Features of complex societies, such as cities, governments, specialized jobs, record keeping, social classes, and improved technology. |
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