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Bio 110 - Unit 1
Scientific Thinking, Basic Chemistry, Biological Molecules
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Independent Variable | The factor that you manipulate, chosen variation/groups |
| Dependent Variable | the factor that is measured, DEPENDS on what the independent is doing |
| Control Group | running the experiment with no manipulation, baseline for comparison |
| Replicate | each instance of conducting an experiment |
| Bar Graph | shows different categories |
| Pie Chart | shows percentages out of a whole |
| Line Graph | shows change over time |
| Control | all factors that are kept the same |
| Experimental Group | running the experiment with the manipulation |
| Hypothesis | a testable statement explaining natural phenomena |
| Prediction | logical consequence of a hypothesis based on the observations |
| Null Hypothesis | a testable statement claiming no relationship between natural phenomena |
| A question | must ask something unknown and have previous information on it |
| Inductive Reasoning | begins with specific principle and seeks to generate a general principle |
| Deductive reasoning | begins with supplied information and draws conclusions based on that specific data |
| Theory | Broad set of generally accepted principles and hypotheses that accurately describe natural phenomena |
| Cell theory | All life is made up of 1(+) cells Cell is the basic unit of life Cells come from cells |
| Evolution by Natural Selection | Evolution is decent with modifications (genetics) Driven by Natural Selection (survival of the fittest) |
| Tree of Life | shows how all life is related |
| Bias | disproportionate weight in favor or against an idea or thing |
| Biology | the study of life |
| Steps of Scientific Thinking | 1. Observation 2. Hypothesis 3. Prediction 4. Variables 5. Conclusions |
| Statistical Bias | results from an unfair sampling of a population, or from an estimation process that does not give accurate results on average |
| Figure Caption | brief summary of the graph providing all necessary information to read it (~3 sentences) |
| Placebo Effect | someone who thinks they received the independent variable with act changed, but in reality, they didn't get anything |
| Accuracy | how close the data is to the 'true value' |
| Precision | how close/far data points are to each other |
| First Law of Thermodynamics | Energy can never be created or destroyed; it can only change from one form to another |
| Second Law of Thermodynamics | no conversion of energy is perfect, and some of the usable energy is converted to heat, a less useful form of energy |
| Acid | can donate protons to other chemicals |
| Atom | matter that cannot be divided without losing its essential properties - make up the world three parts -protons (+ charge) -electrons (- charge) -neutrons (no charge) |
| Parts of an atom | The different number of protons determine which element the atom is |
| Base | bind with free protons |
| Cohesion | the sticking of particles to the same substance - hydrogen bonds do this, water molecules are attracted to each other |
| Covalent Bond | e- are equally shared between atoms - no charge and strong bond |
| Electron | part of an atom negatively charged |
| Energy | the capacity to do work (any action or movement) - running, metabolism, cellular organization, metabolism, hunting ALL LIFE NEEDS IT |
| Kinetic Energy | energy of motion (legs -> molecules), ex, walking, running or giving off heat |
| Potential Energy | stored energy (location, position, or composition) as long as it has the potential for motion |
| ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate | contains 3 phosphates and breaking off the third releases energy - nucleic acid - adenine base, ribose sugar, and 3 phosphates - photosynthesis makes ATP - > respiration breaks ATP |
| Uses of ATP | - active transport, muscle contraction, cell signaling - Aerobic Respiration or fermentation - all life needs ATP |
| Hydrolyzes ATP -> ADP | Water breaks the bond and releases the 3rd phosphate - must be coupled to a process that needs energy |
| Chemical Energy | storing energy in chemical bonds is a type of potential energy - chemical bonds are the sharing of electrons - When those bonds are released -> energy is released |
| ATP coupled RXN's using energy | ATP molecules stores and releases energy, but it needs to be coupled with a RXN to get things done ex: sodium potassium pump - cell membrane, helps healthy cell function Na+ (sodium), K+ (potassium) |
| Elements | substances that cannot be broken down chemically into any other substance - ingredients to make up the world around us (living and non-living) - Gold, Copper, Carbon... * Carbon (C) + Iron (Fe) → Steel • Carbon + Pressure + Heat → Diamond |
| 4 elements make up 96% of your body | 65% oxygen, 18% Carbon, 9.5% Hydrogen, 3.2% nitrogen |
| Nucleus | - made up of protons and neutrons, positive charges attracts the e- as they orbit • e- determine if an atom is chemically reactive or stable - seeking e- orbit |
| Carbon - organic part of chemistry | - almost all life is carbon-based - carbon can form 4 e- bonds - versatile (bonds with up to four atoms, possible types of bonds) |
| Electronegativity | How badly atoms want electrons Positive nucleus attracts negative electrons - larger the atom the weaker the attraction |
| Ionization energy | reactive/charged the ion will be |
| Ionic Bonds | unequal sharing of e- - the atom that shares the e- has a - charge and the atom that lost the e- has a + charge attaching each other - ions: charged atoms - molecule has no charge - strong bonds |
| Hydrogen Bonds | A H atom is attracted to a negative charge - H is slightly + charged -> attracted to partial - charges Polar: atoms in a molecule are slightly charged - WEAK bonds |
| Polar molecule | O slightly - charge and H slightly + charge |
| Hydrogen Bonds -> Cohesion | Water molecules are attracted to each other |
| Universal Solvent | solvent can dissolve substances - can dissolve Polar and Non-polar molecules |
| Less dense when solid | - water molecules spread out when frozen - Ice floats allowing life to continue under the surface |
| Maintain temperature -> High Specific Heat | keeps aquatic environments stable can cool animals and plants when evaporating weather near water is less extreme |
| Oxidized | -oxidized is lost - losing a negatively charged e- causes the atom/molecules charge to be more positive |
| Both Oxidized and Reduced | - typically happens when an oxygen is present (not always) - change in partial charges not molecular charges (water molecule structure) -must happen at the same time |
| Reduced | - reduction is gained - gaining a negatively charged e- causes the atom/molecule charge to be more negative |
| pH | the amount of H+ ions are in a solution on the Log scale, a measure of acidity - pH = -log[H+] OR [H+] = 10^-pH - pure water is 7 pH and is neither acidic or basic |
| Buffers | a chemical that can quickly absorb excess H+ ions in a solution (preventing it from becoming too acidic) or quickly release H+ ions (to counteract increases in OH- concentration) - returns pH to normal |
| Carbohydrates | sugars (glucose), and starches, are water soluble (dissolve) |
| Lipids | fats and oils that store energy, insoluble in water |
| Proteins | contain nitrogen, and are made up of amino acids that form body tissues, enzymes, and antibodies |
| Nucleic acid | contain the genetic information (DNA) and act on it (RNA) |
| Building Block of the body | protein complex molecules (polypeptides) |
| Protein Monomer | amino acid - joined by peptide bonds |
| Protein responsibilities | -responsible for structure of organs and muscles - enzymes, hormones, antibodies, transport |
| Amino Acids | - 20 side groups (give amino acid characteristic) ex: acidic, hydrophobic - great diversity of proteins by varying sequence of 20 amino acids |
| Enzymes | - is a protein - catalyzes chemical reactions by binding to the substance |
| Substrate | molecule that binds to the enzyme, like the reactants in a chemical reaction - binding only occurs on active site (lock and key model) - shape change (induced fit) chemical reaction and final product |
| Activation energy without enzyme is | higher than activation energy without enzyme |
| Working Conditions | each enzyme has a specific environment it will work best in ex: Temperature, pH, concentration |
| Denature | happens with deviations from environment - change shape - not functioning properly or at all |
| Nucleic Acids Monomer | Phosphate, Sugar, Nitrogenous Base |
| Nucleic Acid Responsibilities | Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid (DNA) Ribose Nucleic Acid (RNA) - All life has at least one or both Contain genetic information and execute processes accordingly - Hormone and Protein production |
| Base pairing | A-T G-C |
| Nitrogenous Bases | Purine (two ringed-Adenine, guanine) Pyrimidine (one ringed-thymine, Cytosine) |
| Dehydration vs Hydrolysis | Dehydration is when water is removed to bind 2 things together Hydrolysis is when water is used to break apart 2 things |
| Carbohydrates Responsibilities | - cellular respiration - short term energy |
| Simple Carbohydrates | monosaccharides/monomer - glucose, fructose |
| Complex carbohydrates | Polysaccharides Starch (plants), Glycogen (animals) |
| Sugars (saccharides) and polymers of sugars (polysaccharides) functions | - store energy (ex: starch, glycogen) - building blocks of other biological molecules (nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) - structural support (ex: cellulose of plant cell wall) Contain CHO |
| Lipids Responsibilities | - long hydrocarbon chains - large amounts of energy stored in bonds - cell membranes - phospholipids - some hormones (steroids) |
| Fat is made up of | - glycerol + 3 fatty acids phospholipid bilayer |
| Steroids | - 4 fused rings - Cholesterol - natural part of membranes - sex hormones |
| Fatty acids are made of | Hydrocarbon Chains |
| Saturated Fats | all single bonds between carbons in the chain - solid - C-C-C-C-C-C-C |
| Unsaturated Fats | one or more double bond between carbons in the chain - liquid C-C=C-C=C-C-C |
| Homeostasis | Body uses physical and chemical processes to maintain a consistent internal environment, even in the face of changing external and internal environment |
| Homeostasis - Working Conditions | Living organisms function best within a narrow range of internal conditions - Small pH changes -> large consequences - Smaller internal change ->larger consequences To cold -> hypothermia To hot -> heatstroke |
Created by:
Shannonneville