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Stack #4709243
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Representative Sample | A sample that accurately reflects the characteristics of the population as a whole |
| Random Sampling | A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion |
| Convenience Sampling | Using a sample of people who are readily available to participate |
| Generalizing | |
| Experimental Group | In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable. |
| Control Group | In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment. |
| Placebo | A harmless pill, medicine, or procedure prescribed more for the psychological benefit to the patient than for physiological effect. |
| Placebo Effect | A measurable or observable improvement in health or behavior that occurs after a “dummy” treatment or inert substance, driven by the patient belief in the treatment’s effectiveness rather than its active ingredients. |
| Single-Blind Study | Research design in which participants don’t know whether they are in the experimental or control group |
| Double-Blind Study | An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug evaluation studies. |
| Experimenter Bias | A phenomenon that occurs when a researcher’s expectations or preferences about the outcome of a study influence the results obtained. |
| Social Desirability Bias | A tendency to give socially approved answers to questions about oneself |
| Qualitative Research | Research that relies on what is seen in field or naturalistic settings more than statistical data |
| Structured Interviews | |
| Quantitative Research | Research that collects and reports data primarily in numerical form |
| Likert Scale | Quantitatively asses opinions, attitudes, or behaviors usually on a 1-5 scale |
| Representation of Participants | |
| Peer Review | The evaluation of scientific, academic, or professional work by others in the same field to ensure its quality and validity before publication or presentation |
| Replication | Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances |
| Scatterplot | A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables |
| Correlation Coefficient | A number between -1 and +1 expressing the degrees of relationship between two variable |
| Effect Sizes | A measure of the strength of the relationship between two variables or the extent of an experimental effect (Cohen’s d value) |
| Statistical Significance | A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance (measured as a “p value”) |
| Directionality Problem | A problem encountered in correlations studies; the researchers find a relationship between two variables, but they cannot determine which variable may have caused changes in the other variable |
| Third Variable Problem | The concept that a correlation between two variable may stem from both being influenced by some third variable |
| Institutional Review | A committee at each institution where research is conducted to review every experiment for ethics and methodology |
| Informed Consent | An ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate |
| Informed Assent | |
| Protection From Harm | Participants should be free from physical am and psychological harm in research |
| Confidentiality | The act of holding information in confidence, not to be released to unauthorized individuals |
| Deception | |
| Debriefing | The post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants |
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