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psych 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Question: What is the basic scientific-method flow?(in terms of HOW do I know my explanation is actually right?) | QUESTION → HYPOTHESIS → TEST → MEASURE → COMPARE TEST→ ANSWER |
| Question: Example of the scientific-method flow using caffeine? | Does caffeine improve memory? → Predict it improves scores → Give caffeine vs no caffeine → Measure memory → Compare groups → Support/fail to support hypothesis. |
| Question: What is a hypothesis? | ONE TESTABLE PREDICTION: “If my explanation is right, THIS should happen.” |
| Question: What is a theory? | A broad, evidence-supported EXPLANATION SYSTEM that organizes findings and generates testable hypotheses. |
| Question: Theory vs hypothesis? | THEORY = broad explanation/map 🗺️; HYPOTHESIS = specific testable prediction/pin 📍. |
| Question: What is naturalistic observation? | Observe behavior in its natural setting WITHOUT manipulating it. Memory: WATCH, DON’T TOUCH. 👀 |
| Question: What is correlational research? | Measure variables and determine whether they are ASSOCIATED—whether they move together. It does NOT establish causation. |
| Question: What is a positive correlation? | SAME direction: X ↑ → Y ↑, or X ↓ → Y ↓. Example: exercise ↑ ↔ fitness ↑. |
| Question: What is a negative correlation? | OPPOSITE directions: X ↑ → Y ↓. Example: stress ↑ ↔ sleep ↓. |
| Question: Does correlation prove causation? | NO. CORRELATION = ASSOCIATION, NOT CAUSATION. A third variable or reverse causation could explain the relationship. |
| Question: What is an experiment? | CHANGE → MEASURE. Researcher manipulates one variable and measures its effect on another to test CAUSATION. |
| Question: What is the independent variable (IV)? | The variable the researcher MANIPULATES/CHANGES. Memory: IV = “I VARY it.” |
| Question: What is the dependent variable (DV)? | The OUTCOME researchers MEASURE to see whether it changes because of the IV. Memory: DV = DATA/RESULT. |
| Question: Does the DV affect the IV? | NO. The tested direction is IV → DV. Example: caffeine (IV) → memory score (DV). |
| Question: What is an experimental group? | The group that RECEIVES the treatment/manipulation being tested. |
| Question: What is a control group? | The COMPARISON/BASELINE group used to see what happens without the active treatment. |
| Question: What is a placebo? | An inactive/fake treatment designed to resemble the real treatment. |
| Question: What is the placebo effect? | A change caused by EXPECTATIONS about receiving treatment rather than the treatment’s active ingredient itself. |
| Question: What is a population? | EVERYONE the researcher wants to understand/generalize to. Example: all Montgomery College students. |
| Question: What is a sample? | The smaller group ACTUALLY STUDIED, selected from the population. Memory: POPULATION = whole pot; SAMPLE = spoonful. 🥄 |
| Question: What is random assignment? | Using CHANCE to place participants into experimental conditions, helping distribute preexisting differences across groups. |
| Question: Best analogy for random assignment? | 🃏 SHUFFLE THE DECK BEFORE DEALING: randomly distribute participants among groups. |
| Question: Sample vs random assignment? | SAMPLE = WHO is studied. RANDOM ASSIGNMENT = WHICH GROUP those participants enter. |
| Question: What makes a true experiment different from a quasi-experiment? | TRUE EXPERIMENT = researcher randomly ASSIGNS conditions 🎲; QUASI-EXPERIMENT = groups/conditions are NOT randomly assigned. |
| Question: What is a quasi-experimental design? | Experiment-like comparison WITHOUT random assignment; researchers often compare preexisting groups. |
| Question: Example of a quasi-experiment? | Compare happiness of already-MARRIED vs already-SINGLE people. You cannot randomly assign people to marry, so the groups already exist. |
| Question: Why is causation harder to establish in a quasi-experiment? | Groups may ALREADY DIFFER in other ways, so those differences—not the variable of interest—could explain the outcome. |
| Question: What is basic research? | Research primarily aimed at increasing FUNDAMENTAL KNOWLEDGE rather than immediately solving a practical problem. Memory: BASIC = KNOW. 🧠 |
| Question: What is applied research? | Research aimed at solving a specific PRACTICAL PROBLEM using scientific knowledge. Memory: APPLIED = SOLVE. 🔧 |
| Question: Basic vs applied research? | BASIC = “How does this work?” 🧠; APPLIED = “How can we use this to solve something?” 🔧 |
| Question: What is program evaluation? | Research that evaluates an EXISTING PROGRAM to determine whether it actually WORKS. Memory: PROGRAM EVALUATION = “DID IT WORK?” 📋 |
| Question: Basic vs applied vs program evaluation? | BASIC = build KNOWLEDGE → APPLIED = use knowledge to SOLVE → PROGRAM EVALUATION = test whether the implemented solution WORKED. |
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user-2044691