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psych 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does empirical mean? | Based on direct observation, experiment, or practical experience—not just theory, logic, or unverified belief. EMPIRICAL = “SHOW ME THE EVIDENCE.” |
| What is structuralism? | STRUCTURALISM = PARTS. Break conscious experience into its basic components. Think: “What pieces make up the mind?” |
| What method is associated with structuralism? | INTROSPECTION = “look inward.” Examine your own conscious experiences to identify their basic parts. |
| What is functionalism? | FUNCTIONALISM = PURPOSE. Ask what a mental process or behavior DOES and how it helps an organism function/adapt. |
| Who strongly influenced functionalism? | Charles Darwin. His evolution/adaptation ideas encouraged psychologists to ask how mental processes help organisms survive and adapt. |
| Structuralism vs. functionalism? | STRUCTURALISM = “What PARTS make it up?” Functionalism = “What PURPOSE does it serve?” Think: hammer parts vs. what the hammer DOES. |
| What is the significance of Wilhelm Wundt? | Wundt helped turn the mind from something we THINK ABOUT into something we systematically STUDY. |
| What happened in 1879? | Wilhelm Wundt established an experimental psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany—a landmark in psychology becoming an experimental discipline. |
| What is the Wundt memory chain? | WUNDT → LEIPZIG → 1879 → LAB → systematic experimental psychology. |
| What is behaviorism? | BEHAVIORISM = “STOP THEORIZING—SHOW ME.” Focus on observable, measurable behavior rather than invisible mental processes. |
| What does behaviorism especially emphasize? | Environment + learning → behavior. Study observable responses and how conditioning/experience changes them. |
| What is psychoanalysis? | PSYCHOANALYSIS = HIDDEN. Behavior can be influenced by unconscious conflicts/desires and past experiences. |
| What is the psychoanalytic iceberg analogy? | ABOVE WATER = conscious awareness. BELOW WATER = unconscious processes. What you consciously know ≠ everything influencing you. |
| What is the core psychoanalytic heuristic? | “What you are conscious of ≠ everything controlling/influencing you.” |
| What is Gestalt psychology? | GESTALT = WHOLE/PATTERN. Your brain naturally organizes separate pieces into meaningful wholes. |
| What is the Gestalt analogy? | Notes → melody; pixels → picture. The meaningful WHOLE is more than merely listing its individual PARTS. |
| Structuralism vs. Gestalt? | STRUCTURALISM = break experience APART. GESTALT = see how the parts organize into a WHOLE. |
| What is cognitive psychology? | COGNITIVE = PROCESSING. Studies mental processes such as thinking, memory, attention, perception, language, and problem-solving. |
| What question summarizes cognitive psychology? | “What PROCESSING happens BETWEEN input and output?” |
| What is the cognitive input-output analogy? | INPUT → MENTAL PROCESSING → OUTPUT. Cognitive psychology focuses especially on what the mind does in the middle. |
| Behaviorism vs. cognitive psychology? | BEHAVIORISM = observable INPUT/OUTPUT behavior. COGNITIVE = mental PROCESSING between input and output. |
| What is the humanistic perspective? | HUMANISTIC = GROWTH/BECOMING. Focuses on choice, meaning, values, personal growth, and human potential. |
| What question summarizes humanistic psychology? | “Who are you trying to BECOME?” Think: values + meaning + growth toward potential. |
| What is the humanistic analogy? | A PERSON = growing plant. Psychology asks what conditions, choices, and values help that person flourish. |
| What is the social-cognitive perspective? | SOCIAL-COGNITIVE = WATCH + THINK + LEARN. Behavior develops through interaction among thinking, behavior, and the social environment. |
| What is a social-cognitive example? | You WATCH someone, THINK about what happens to them, then LEARN/adjust your own behavior—even without directly experiencing it yourself. |
| What is science? | Systematic observation used to acquire knowledge. Think: SCIENTIST = careful accountant of reality. |
| What are the 4 essential features of science? | 👀 OBSERVE → 🧪 TEST → ⚖️ CHALLENGE → 🧱 BUILD. |
| What is systematic observation? | 👀 OBSERVE carefully: organize, measure, control, and RECORD observations instead of trusting impressions or memory. |
| Why do scientists record observations? | Memory can distort experience. Recording creates evidence that can be checked instead of relying on “I remember it happening.” |
| What does “test hypotheses” mean? | 🧪 Turn observations into TESTABLE claims, then collect evidence that can support or challenge them. |
| What does “science is democratic” mean? | ⚖️ NO KING OF SCIENCE. Authority does not determine truth; scientists openly challenge claims and DATA outrank STATUS. |
| What does “science is cumulative” mean? | 🧱 Knowledge BUILDS. Later scientists inherit earlier discoveries like adding LEGO bricks to an existing tower. |
| What is the science LEGO analogy? | Each reliable discovery = LEGO brick. Future scientists inherit the tower and add, remove, or correct bricks using new evidence. |
| What is the fastest science mnemonic? | OBSERVE IT → TEST IT → CHALLENGE IT → BUILD ON IT. |
| Psychologist vs. psychiatrist? | PSYCHOLOGIST = psychology professional. PSYCHIATRIST = physician specializing in psychiatry. Fundamental distinction = MEDICAL TRAINING. |
| Which one is a medical doctor: psychologist or psychiatrist? | PSYCHIATRIST. Think: “psychiatrist = physician.” |
| What is the dependent variable? | DEPENDENT VARIABLE = the measured OUTCOME—the variable expected to change depending on the independent variable. |
| What is the independent variable? | INDEPENDENT VARIABLE = the factor manipulated/compared to see whether it affects the dependent variable. |
| What is the IV/DV analogy? | IV = CONTROL KNOB 🎛️; DV = GAUGE 📈. Change/compare the knob → measure what happens to the gauge. |
| What is the schools-of-thought master chain? | PARTS → PURPOSE → BEHAVIOR → HIDDEN → WHOLE → PROCESSING → GROWTH → SOCIAL. |
| Decode the schools-of-thought master chain. | Structuralism=PARTS; Functionalism=PURPOSE; Behaviorism=BEHAVIOR; Psychoanalysis=HIDDEN; Gestalt=WHOLE; Cognitive=PROCESSING; Humanistic=GROWTH; Social-Cognitive=WATCH+THINK+LEARN. |
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