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HGPE
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Hydraulics | science dealing with the mechanical properties of liquids, as water and their applications in engineering |
| Hydrostatics | branch if physics which deals with fluids at rest |
| Ideal Fluid | substance which cannot transmit shearing stresses, and which if not totally confined, shows a free horizontal surface when at rest |
| Density | defined as the mass, m per unit volume, V |
| Specific Gravity | ratio of the density of the substances to the density to a given standard substance usually water |
| Specific Volume | the reciprocal of density |
| Boyle's Law | property in ideal gas where the temperature is held constant |
| Charle's Law | property in ideal gas where temperature is held constant (isothermal condition) |
| Adiabatic | property in ideal gas where no heat exchanged (isentropic) |
| Overturning Moment (OM) | this is the clockwise moment about the toe due to active forces in dams |
| Resisting Moment (RM) | this is the counterclockwise moment about the toe due to active forces in dams |
| against Overturning and Sliding | what are the two (2) factor of safety to be considered in dams |
| Steady Flow | occurs when the discharge, Q, passing a given cross-section is constant with time. |
| Unsteady Flow | flow/discharge, Q, at the cross-section varies with time |
| Uniform Flow | steady flow for a given length, if the average velocity of flow is the same at every cross-section. |
| Continuous Flow | occurs when at any time, the discharge Q at every section of the stream is the same |
| Laminar Flow | path of individual fluid particles does not cross or intersect. |
| less than (approximately) 2.100 | flow is always laminar when the Reynolds number is... |
| Turbulent Flow | path of individual particles is irregular and continuously cross each other |
| exceeds 2,100; most common is when exceeds 4,000 | flow is turbulent when the Reynolds number is... |
| Orifice | small opening or hole through which fluid flows |
| liquids and gas | two primary states of fluids |
| Head Loss | decrease in energy head due to friction in the opening |
| 13.6 | S.G. of mercury at 20°C & 1ATM |
| 0.001204 | S.G. of air 20°C & 1ATM |
| 1.025 | S.G. of sea water 20°C & 1ATM |
| inversely proportional | temperature is _______ to the surface tension |
| Soil Mechanics | branch of science that deals with the study of the physical properties of soil and the behavior of soil masses subjected to force |
| Geotechnical Engineering | this is the application of the principles of soil mechanics and rock mechanics to the design of foundations, retaining structures, and earth structures |
| Soil | uncemented aggregates of mineral grains and decayed organic matter with liquid and gas in the empty spaces between each particle |
| Void Ratio | ratio of volume of voids to the volume of solids, Vv/Vs |
| Porosity | ratio of volume of voids to the total volume, Vv/V |
| Degree of Saturation | ratio of volume of water to the volume of voids, Vw/Vv |
| Moisture Content | ratio of weight of water to the weight of solids |
| Dry Unit Weight | weight per unit volume of soil, excluding water |
| Moist Unit Weight | weight per unit volume of soil |
| Total Unit Weight, Bulk Unit Weight | moist unit weight is also known as |
| Effective Unit Weight | also known as submerged or buoyant unit weight |
| Quick Sand Condition | occurs when upward seepage of water through soil becomes strong enough to lift and suspend soil particles, making the soil behave like a liquid |
| Soil Compaction | the densification of soil by removal of air |
| Relative Density | used to indicate in situ denseness or looseness of granular soil |
| Relative Compaction | ratio of dry unit weight of soil in natural state to the dry unit weight of soil in the densest state |
| Standard Proctor Test | aims to determine the relationship between the moisture content of a soil and its corresponding dry density |
| Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) and Maximum Dry Density (MDD) | what are the two important values determined in the standard proctor test |
| Sand Cone Test | aims to determine the in-situ dry density of the compacted soil on the construction site. |
| Shrinkage Limit, Plastic Limit, and Liquid Limit | what are under the atterberg limit |
| Liquid Limit | the boundary between plastic and liquid states. it represents water content at which soil begins to flow under a specific small shearing force |
| Casagrande Method | common method used to determine the liquid limit |
| Plastic Limit | the boundary between the semi-solid and plastic states. it is defined as the moisture content in percent, at which soil crumbles |
| Shrinkage Limit | the boundary between the solid and semi-solid states. more loss in moisture will result in no further volume change |
| Shrinkage Ratio | ratio of the volume change to the corresponding change in moisture content of soil sample |
| 7 | how many soil indices are there? |
| Liquid Index, LI | measure of how soft or stiff a soil is based on its natural water content |
| Plasticity Index, PI | range of water content over which a soil remains in plastic state |
| Consistency Index, CI | indicates the relative firmness or stiffness of a fine-grained soil, especially clay, in its natural state |
| Shrinkage Index, SI | range or water content over which a soil remains in the semi-solid state |
| Flow Index, FI | slope of flow curve and indicates how sensitive a soil's consistency is to changes in water content |
| Toughness Index, TI | measure of the shear strength of the soil at the plastic limit |
| Activity of Clay, Ac | slope of a the line correlating the PI and %finer than 0.002mm |
| Effective Size | diameter in particle-size distribution cure corresponds to 10%, D10 |
| Uniformity Coefficient | ratio of the sieve through which 60% of the material passes to the sieve size that allows 10% of the material to pass, Cc |
| Coefficient of Gradation or Curvature | classifies a soil as well graded or poor graded |
| USCE, AASHTO, and USDA | three (3) soil classification types |
| US Department of Agricultural Textural Classification (USDA Textural Classification) | this only considers the grain size of soil |
| American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) | focuses on evaluating soils for subgrade performance and suitability in road and highway construction |
| Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) | the most widely used classification system by geotechnical engineers |
| Permeability | a measure of how easily a fluid can flow through a porous medium |
| Seepage | this is the flow of water though soil |
| Darcy's Law | implies that the discharge velocity bears a linear relationship to the hydraulic gradient |
| Flow Rate | the volume of fluid that passes through a porous medium per unit time under a specific hydraulic gradient and cross-sectional area |
| Seepage Velocity | actual velocity at which fluid moves through the void spaces |
| Constant Head Test | this is a laboratory test suitable for determining the permeability of coarse-grained soil |
| Falling Head Test | this is a laboratory test suitable for determining the permeability of fine-grained soil |
| performing pumping tests from wells | this is a field test where the hydraulic conductivity of a soil can be determined by ___ |
| Transmissivity | measure of an aquifer's ability to transmit groundwater through its entire saturated thickness |
| flow more easily | higher transmissivity means groundwater can _______ through the aquifer |
| Flow Nets | graphical representation used to analyze the flow of water through soil, especially beneath dams, sheet piles, retaining structures, and foundations |
| Flow Line | line along which water particle will travel from the upstream to the downstream side in the permeable soil medium |
| Equipotential Line | line along which the potential head at all points is equal; equal pressure head |
| Isotropic Soil | coefficient of permeability is equal in every direction |
| Anisotropic Soil | coefficient of permeability varies in horizontal and vertical direction |
| Stresses in Soil | force acting on a unit area within a soil mass |
| Total Stress | total pressure at a point in a soil mass caused by the weight of the overlying soil, water, and any external loads acting on the ground surface |
| Neutral Stress | pressure exerted by water within the pores of the soil |
| Effective Stress | sum of the vertical components of the forces developed at the points of contact of the solid particles per unit cross-sectional area of the soil mass |
| Capillary Rise in Soils | upward movement of water though the small pores of a soil above the groundwater table due to the surface tension |
| Lateral Earth Pressure | pressure exerted by soil horizontally against a vertical structure, such as retaining wall, basement wall, or sheet pile |
| At Rest Earth Pressure | lateral pressure exerted by soil when a retaining structure remains stationary and does not move enough that allows the soil to expand or compress |
| Active Earth Pressure | lateral pressure exerted by soil when a retaining wall moves slightly away from the backfill, allowing soil to expand |
| Passive Earth Pressure | lateral pressure exerted by soil when retaining wall moves toward the soil, causing the soil to compress |
| Compressibility of Soil | property of soil by which its volume decreases under applied load due to the expulsion of air |
| (a) deformation of soil particles; (b) relocation of soil particles; (c) expulsion of water or air from the void spaces | compression of soil is caused by... |
| Primary Consolidation Settlement | settlement of a saturated fine-grained soil (usually clay) caused by gradual expulsion of pore water |
| Secondary Consolidation Settlement | settlement that occurs after primary consolidation is complete |
| Immediate Settlement | settlement that occurs immediately after a load is applied due to the elastic deformation of the soil |
| Unconfined Compression Test | a laboratory test used to determine the unconfined compressive strength and undrained shear strength of cohesive soils, particularly saturated clays |
| Direct Shear Test | laboratory test used to determine the shear strength parameters of soil, namely cohesion and angle of internal friction |
| Tri-Axial Test | laboratory test used to determine the shear strength and stress-strain behavior of soils under controlled stress conditions |
| (a) unconsolidated undrained (UU) test; (b) consolidated undrained (CU) test; consolidated drained (CD) test | what are the types of tri-axial test? |
| Unconsolidated Undrained Test | type of tri-axial test where no drainage allowed during the test |
| Consolidated Undrained Test | type of tri-axial test where drainage is allowed during consolidation but not during shearing |
| Consolidated Drained Test | type of tri-axial test where drainage allowed throughout the test |
| Soil Bearing Capacity | ability of the soil to support the loads imposed by the foundation without experiencing shear failure ir excessive settlement |
| Pile Foundation | type of deep foundation used to transfer structural loads from a building or structure to deeper, stronger soil or rock layers when the surface soil is too weak |
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