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Unit 2 AP Stats

TermDefinition
Observational Study Observes items or individuals and measures variables of interest but does not impose treatments.
Experiment Deliberately imposes treatments on experimental units to measure their responses. Can help establish cause and effect relationships.
Response Variable Measures an outcome of a statistical study.
Explanatory Variable Helps explain or predict changes in a response Variable.
Experimental Unit The item or individual to which a treatment is randomly assigned. When they are humans, its called a subject.
Treatment A specific condition applied to the experimental units. If an experiment has several explanatory variables, a treatment is a combination of specific values of these variables.
Factor An explanatory Variable that is manipulated and may cause a change in the response Variable.
Levels The different values of a factor.
Retrospective Observational Studies when observational units are selected at a point in time and data about them are gathered from the past.
Prospective Observational Studies When the observational units are selected at a point in time and data about them are gathered both at that time and into the future.
Survey An observational study in which data are collected from people by asking them a common set of questions.
Extraneous Variables Variables other than the explanatory variable that may have an effect on the response Variable in a statistical study.
Confounding Variables An extraneous variable that is associated with both the explanatory variable and the response Variable in a statistical study.
The presence of a confounding variable makes it _______ to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between an explanatory variable and a response Variable? Difficult
An Investigative Question serves three important functions. What are they? It guides the data collection process, the choice of data analysers methods, and indicates the types of conclusions that can be made.
The three components of an investigative question are? The variables of interest, the type of inference (including ANY parameters), and the type of conclusion that can be made.
The two types of inferences for an investigative question. Estimating an unknown parameter and testing a claim.
What is included in the type of conclusion of an investigative question? The population(s) to which the results of the statistical study can be generalized, and the possibility of a cause-and-effect conclusion. !CAUSE-AND-EFFECT CONCLUSIONS ARE ONLY WARRANTED IN EXPERIMENTS!
Observational Unit The individual that is being observed in an observational study.
Convience Response Sample Easy to reach
Voluntary Response Sample Choosen
SRS or Simple Random Sample A subset of the population is selected in a manner such that every sample of size n from the population has an equal chance of being selected. RANDOMIZED
Sampling Techniques Defined procedures and methods used by researchers to select a representative subset (Sample) of individuals or data points from a larger population.
Cluster Sampling Divide the entire population into pre-existing segments or clusters. The clusters are often geographic. Every member is selected in each of the selected groups in the sample.
Systematic Sampling Number all the members of the population sequentially. Then, from the starting point selected at random, include every kth member of the population.
Undercoverage Bias Occurs when some members of the population are less likely to be chosen or cannot be chosen in the sample.
Nonresponse Bias occurs when an individual chosen for the sample cannot be contacted or refuses to participate.
Response Bias Occurs when there is a constant pattern of inaccurate responses to a survey question.
Stratified Random Samples Divide the entire population into distinct subgroups called strata. The strata are based on specific characteristics such as age, income, education level, and so on. All members of a stratum share specific characteristics.
A sampling method produces the BEST estimates if there are _____ and ______ Low bias and low variability.
Created by: camden123421
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