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EAR321 Chap1-2
Covers concepts from chap1 and chap2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the principle of uniformitarianism, and how does it apply to our understanding of natural disasters? | Processes that are happening today have happened in the past Natural disasters are recurrent events; thus study of past events provides needed information for risk reduction. vital to understanding the hazard and evaluating its risk |
| How does uniformitarianism help geologists predict future events based on past occurrences? | Geologists have the tools and training to “read the landscape” for evidence of past events and, by linking prehistoric and historic records, they extend our perspective of recurrent natural events far back in time. Frequency and pattern |
| Differentiate between a natural hazard, a natural disaster, and a catastrophe, providing examples of each. How can the same natural event be considered a hazard, a disaster, or a catastrophe depending on the context? | Hazard: Natural process or event that is a potential threat to human life or property Disaster: Hazardous event that occurs over a limited time in a defined area Catastrophe: Massive disaster that requires significant amount of money or time to recover |
| What is mitigation and how might efforts differ between developed and developing countries? | The term mitigation is used by scientists, planners, and policymakers when describing efforts to prepare for disasters and to minimize their harmful effect. Natural disasters in most developing countries claim far more lives; more mitigation |
| Explain the difference between forecasting and predicting natural disasters. Why is one generally more reliable than the other? | Forecast: Range of probability for event Predicting: Specific date, time, and magnitude of event (more reliable) Some hazards can be predicted; most can be forecasted |
| How do natural Earth cycles, such as the rock cycle, hydrological cycle, and tectonic cycle, influence the occurrence of natural disasters? How do human activities increase the vulnerability of certain populations to natural disasters? | Geologic conditions govern the type, location, and intensity of natural processes Human activities increase the vulnerability of certain populations to natural disasters by building living spaces in areas where these natual proccess occur |
| Discuss the social, economic, and environmental factors that contribute to the severity of a disaster's impact. | Poor land-use choices, population increase, and increased human impact |
| Discuss how climate change is expected to affect the frequency and intensity of natural disasters. | - Global warming and climate change melting polar ice – Sea-level rise increases coastal erosion – Deserts and semiarid regions are likely to expand – Warmer ocean water is likely to increase and intensify storm activity |
| What are the criteria for a disaster and catastrophe? | Disaster: Criteria: Ten or more people killed, 100 or more people affected, State of emergency is declared, International assistance is requested Catastrophe: Often international aid required to recover |
| What is the theory of plate tectonics, and who first proposed it? | Processes involved in the creation, movement, and destruction of these plates are collectively known as plate tectonic Alfred Wagner first proposed it |
| Describe the three main types of plate boundaries. Provide an example of each | Divergent boundaries occur where two plates move away from one another; new lithosphere is created Convergent boundaries : two plates collide head-on Transform boundaries occur where the edges of two plates slide horizontally past one another |
| Explain the processes occurring at a divergent boundary. What geological features are commonly found at these boundaries? | Mid-ocean ridges form = hot material from the mantle rises up to form a broad ridge, the plates are breaking; ;underwater rift zone are injected with magma. lithosphere forms as magma solidifi es and resulting basalt is slowly rafted |
| What happens at a convergent boundary when an oceanic plate collides with a continental plate? Describe the geological phenomena associated with this type of boundary. | The higher density oceanic plate subducts, into the mantle beneath the leading edge of the lower density continental plate; collision of a continental with an ocean plate= compression , shortening and elevation of the edge of the continent |
| How do transform boundaries differ from the other types of plate boundaries? Give an example of a well-known transform boundary | Transform boundaries occur where the edges of two plates slide horizontally past one another. The fault along which the movement takes place is known as a transform fault Ex. San Andreas Fault |
| What are the driving forces behind plate tectonics? | Ridge Push and slab pull (Push-Pull Theory) Ridge push is a gravitational push away from crest of mid-ocean ridges Slab pull occurs when cool, dense ocean plates sinks into the hotter, less dense asthenosphere |
| Describe the concept of mantle convection and its role in plate tectonics | Mantle convection is fueled by Earth’s internal heat (think of a pot of boiling water) Magma is generated as the descending plate heats and releases fluids that move upward into overlying upper asthenosphere and lithosphere. |
| Explain the process of seafloor spreading and how it supports the theory of plate tectonics | New crust is continuously added to the edges of lithospheric plates at mid-ocean ridges , or preading centres Continents do not move through oceanic crust; rather they are carried along with it as the plates move. |
| How do the patterns of earthquakes and volcanoes provide evidence for plate tectonics? | the boundaries between lithospheric plates are geologically active areas The continuous cycling of Earth materials by these processes is called the tectonic cycle |
| What is paleomagnetism, and how does it support the theory of plate tectonics? | The term paleomagnetism refers to the study of the magnetism of rocks at the time their magnetic signature was acquired Proof of seafloor spreading came from three sources, one was paleomagnetic mapping of ocean basin |
| Discuss the significance of the discovery of mid-ocean ridges in understanding plate tectonics. | Harry H. Hess suggested continents moved with respect to one another by the process of sea floor spreading, centered at mid-ocean ridges; fundamentally changed our ideas about how Earth works |
| What is a subduction zone, and what features are typically associated with it? | Oceanic lithosphere is added at spreading centres but destroyed where one plate sinks beneath another at sites termed subduction zones The path of the descending plate, or slab as it sometimes is called, is clearly marked by earthquakes and ridges |
| Explain how mountain ranges, such as the Himalayas, are formed in the context of plate tectonics. | Convergent (continent-continent) - neither plate wants to sink = compressions; large mountains form |
| How does plate tectonics contribute to the rock cycle? | Plate tectonics help change the rocks through different processes, such as melting it down, leading to the rock cycle |
| Describe the tectonic setting of the San Andreas Fault. What type of boundary is it, and what are the implications for seismic activity? | Continent-continent transform boundary. Earthquakes are common as the plates slide past one another and may result in some topography |
| Discuss the tectonic history of the Atlantic Ocean. How did the opening of the Atlantic Ocean affect the surrounding continents | As modern-day Europe (Eurasian Plate) and North America (North American Plate) separated during the final breakup of Pangea in the early Cenozoic Era, [1] they formed the North Atlantic Ocean |
| Explain the role of plate tectonics in the formation of the Pacific Ring of Fire | Because of the movements of the plates, subduction occurs, providing the water and pressure needed to create volcanoes. Since volcanoes of the Ring of Fire are at subduction zones, this explanation stands |
| What are hot spots, and how do they provide evidence for plate movement? | Hot spots are stationary volcanic centers resulting from hot materials from deep in the mantle. Materials move up through mantle and overlying plates. Plates move over hot spots creating a chain of island volcanoes |
| Discuss the concept of supercontinents and the supercontinent cycle. What is the evidence for the existence of past supercontinents such as Pangaea? | In geology, a supercontinent is the assembly of most or all of Earth's continental blocks or cratons to form a single large landmass (Wikipedia). Over time, the crust broke apart into the continents we see today. The "fitting" of continents. |
| Evidence for plate tectonics | – Fit of continents – Earthquakes – Paleomagnetism – Hot Spots – Geologic records – Archeological record |
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