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HDF 112 Ch.2
Exploring Relationships and Families
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Theoretical Perspectives are ways of viewing reality | leads family researchers to identify those aspects of families and relationships that interest them and suggests possible explanations for why patterns and behaviors are the way they are |
| 9 Theoretical Perspectives | 1. Family Ecology, 2. Life course framework, 3. Structure-Functional Perspective, 4. Interaction-Constructionist Perspective, 5. Exchange Theory, 6. Family Systems Theory, 7. Conflict and Feminist Theory, 8. Biosocial Perspective, 9. Attachment Theory |
| Family Ecology Perspective | how the surrounding environment influences a family, present constraints as well as opportunities -outside influences radiate outward from the family as follows: neighborhood, workplace, community, state (laws), country, world, earth's environment |
| Possible Disadvantage of Family Ecology Perspective | it is so broad and inclusive that virtually nothing is left out |
| Life Course Framework | on how family context shapes the individual life course -Typical Stages: (+) or (-) of family members, various stages children go through, changes in the family's connections with other social institutions (each stage has developmental tasks) |
| The family life course is traditionally assumed to begin with | marriage |
| Emerging Adulthood | is a stage in individual development that precedes and affects entry into the family life course |
| Structure-Functional Perspective | investigates how a given social structure functions to fill basic societal needs -encourages a family researcher to think in terms of functional alternatives |
| Interaction-Constructionist Perspective | focuses on interaction and relationships of individuals who act in awareness of one another -Postmodern theory |
| Postmodern Theory | analyzes social discourse or narrative, demonstrate that a phenomenon is socially constructed -debunking essentialism: the idea that categories really do exist in nature and are not reifications |
| Exchange Theory | applies an economic perspective to social relationships -prefer to limit their costs and maximize their rewards -Principle of least interest -social network theory |
| Principle of Least Interest | the partner with less commitment to the relationship is the one who has more power |
| Social Network Theory | provide individuals with social capital, or resources that results from their social contacts |
| Family systems theory | views the family as a whole or system comprising interrelated parts and demarcated by boundaries -seek equilibrium (stable balance) |
| Conflict and Feminist Theory | call attention to unequal power , gender issues -use knowledge to confront and end the oppression to women and related patterns of subordination based on social class, race, age, gender, etc. |
| Biosocial Perspective | "concepts linking psychosocial factors to physiology, genetics, and evolution" |
| Attachment Theory | during infancy and childhood a young person develops a general style of attaching to others -3 basic styles: secure, insecure/ anxious, and avoidant |
| Theory should help direct | research questions and suggest useful concepts |
| Cross-sectional | gather data just once, providing a snapshot, onetime view of behaviors or attitudes -cannot show change in the same individuals over time |
| Longitudinal Data | long-term info. as researchers continue to gather data over an extended period of time -frequent loss of subjects to deaths, relocation, or loss of interest |
| Deductive Reasoning | begins with a hypothesis a researcher has derived (deduced) from a theoretical point of view -designs a data-gathering strategy to test whether observed facts support the hypothesis -associated with quantitative research |
| Inductive Reasoning | observe detailed facts and then induce, or "reason up", to arrive at generalizations grounded in the observed data -do not begin with a preconceived hypothesis -begin with an open mind -qualitative research |
| Quantitative | scientists gather, analyze, and reports data in numbers -uses computer-assisted statistical analysis to test for relationships between phenomena |
| Qualitative | words/stories, gain in-depth understandings of people's experiences, as well as the process they go through when defining, adapting to, making decisions about their situations -employs the interaction-constructionist theoretical perspective |
| Generalized | applied to a population of people other than those directly questioned -Random sampling: everyone has an equal chance of being selected |
| Data-Collection Techniques | surveys, naturalistic observation, focus group, experiments and lab, clinicians case studies |
| Surveys | most common, structured (close-ended), unstructured (open-ended) questions -secondary analysis -Drawback: researchers do not design their own questions |
| Secondary analysis | result of comprehensive surveys administers to a national representative sample |
| Naturalistic Observation | researcher spends time with respondents and records their activities of everyday life -view family behavior as it happens naturally -Disadvantage: depends what they think is significant, requires enormous amounts of time |
| Focus Group | form of qualitative research in which, in a group setting, asks a gathering of 10-20 people about their attitudes or experiences regarding a situation -sessions last between 1-2 hrs., electronically recorded, then transitioned to a computer for data |
| Disadvantages of Focus Group | less control, time-consuming, easily influence responses |
| Experiments and Lab Observation | Monitor or measure behaviors under controlled conditions, randomly assign (experimental and control groups) Disadvantage: behaviors being observed often take place in an artificial situation |
| Lab Observation | does not involve random assignment or manipulation useful in measuring physiological changes Advantages: watch human behavior directly |
| Clinicians Case Studies | vivid detail and realistic flavor, watch one person the whole time and observe them -weaknesses: subjective |
| You have to get informed consent from the | Institutional Review Board (IRB) |
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