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urinalysis exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| hilus | border between the kidneys and the ureters |
| micturition | medical term for urination |
| what kind of cells is the bladder made up of? | transitional epithelium cells |
| detrusor muscles | smooth muscle in the bladder that relaxes to hold urine and contracts to push out |
| incontinence | inability to hold urine |
| retention | bladder does not completely empty |
| suppression | calming urges to urinate |
| catheterization | medical process that inserts a thin tube into the bladder to drain urine |
| water intoxication | when an individual drinks more water than their kidneys can process |
| nocturnal enuresis | involuntary release of urine while sleeping |
| nephron | functional unit of the kidney which plays a role in renal blood flow, glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and secretion |
| afferent arteriole | delivers blood TO the kidneys |
| efferent arteriole | collects filtered blood and carries it OUT of the glomerulus |
| peritubular capillaries | tiny blood vessels that wrap around the tubular parts of nephrons |
| proximal convoluted tubule | reabsorbs most water, glucose, and nutrients from fluid |
| renal corpuscle | tiny, spherical filtration unit at the start of a nephron in the kidney that filters blood to create fluid and waste for urine formation |
| juxtaglomerular apparatus | juxtaglomerular cells + macula densa |
| renin | secreted by juxtaglomerular cells in response to blood pressure and sodium levels |
| functions of angiotensin II | dilates afferent arteriole, constricts efferent arteriole, stimulates sodium reabsorption in PCT, triggers the release of aldosterone, triggers the release of ADH |
| glomerular filtrate | protein-free fluid that squeezes out of your blood and into the glomerulus of your kidneys |
| glomerular filtrate is normally | 120 mL/min |
| ultrafiltrate | the fluid forces out of the glomerular capillaries and into bowmans capsule |
| active transport | cellular energy and carrier proteins needed for transport back to blood |
| passive transport | controlled by substance concentration gradients on sides of a membrane |
| where does water reabsorption NOT occur in within the nephron | ascending loop |
| glucose threshold | 160-180 mg/dL |
| countercurrent mechanism | maintains concentration in the medulla |
| ADH | aka vasopressin controls the permeability of the DCT and CT walls to water |
| tubular secretion | eliminates non filtered wastes (protein bound substances) + regulates acid-base balance (secrete H ions to return filtered buffers to the blood) |
| what produces ammonia | DCT |
| inulin clearance | exogenous procedure; not routinely used but was the original clearance reference method |
| creatinine clearance | current coutine test substance; waste product of muscle destruction found at relatively constant plasma level |
| reference range for creatine clearance | urine: 107-139 mL/min (men) and 87-107 mL/min (women) plasma: 0/9-1.3 mg/dL (men) and 0.6-1.3 mg/dL (women) |
| beta2 microglobulin | small protein that dissociates from human leukocyte antigens at a constant rate |
| Crystatin C | small protein produced by all nucleated cells; filtered by glomerulus |
| radioisotopes | exogenous procedure measuring plasma disappearance of an injected isotope --> provides simultaneous visualization of the kidneys |
| specific gravity | number and size of molecules |
| osmolarity | number of small molecules |
| colligative properties | solution properties related to the number of molecules present in the solvent |
| as the concentration increases what happens to colligative properties? | freezing point increases, boiling point and osmotic pressure increases, and vapor pressure lowers |
| freezing point osmometer | measured sample is supercooled and vibrated to form crystals; heat of fusion raises temperature to freezing point |
| 1 mol substance lowers the freezing point | 1.86C |
| vapor pressure osmometer | measures dew point using microsamples |
| mOsm reference ranges | Serum: 275-300 mOsm urine: 50-1400 mOsm |
| diabetes insipidus | decreased ADH production or response to ADH; water overflow disorder |
| P-aminohippuric acid (PAH) | secreted in proximal convoluted tubule, not by glomerular filtration; test for renal blood flow; exogenous procedure for tubular secretion |
| titratable acidity/ urine ammonia | tests for tubular secretion of H+ and NH4+; normally 70 mEq/dau |
| average renal blood flow | 1200 mL/min |
| free water clearance formula measures | the body's ability to adjust to hydration levels d |
| physical examination of urine includes | color, clarity, and specific gravity |
| normal variations in urine color | metabolic functions, physical activity, ingested materials, pathologic conditions |
| urochrome | pigment that makes urine yellow; provides an estimate of body hydration |
| uroerythrin | pink/red metabolic waste product found in human urine; binds to uric acid crystals causing a "brick dust" appearance |
| urobilin | formed from the oxidation of urobilinogen; causes orange bronw color in older specimens |
| dark yellow/ amber urine is indicative of | bilirubin |
| bilirubin produces what when shaken | yellow foam |
| phenazopyridine produces | orange pigment and yellow foam |
| methemoglobin | RBCs remaining in acid urine |
| cloudy red vs clear red urine | cloudy = RBCs clear = hemoglobin/myoglobin |
| port wine colored urine | oxidation of porphobilinogen to porphyrias |
| nonpathogenic red urine | menstrual contamination, pigmented foots ( beets and black raspberries), medications (rifampin) |
| causes of black urine | melanin and homogentistic acid (alkaline urine) |
| nonpathogenic turbidity | hazy female specimens with squamous epithelial cells and mucus; bacterial growth in nonpreserved specimens |
| amorphous phosphates create a _________ precipitate and urates create | phosphates - white urates - pink |
| isothenuric | SG of 1.010 (same as the plasma ultrafiltrate) |
| hyposthenuric vs hypersthenuric | hypo - SG lower than 1.010 hyper -SG higher than 1.010 |
| refractometer | measures velocity of light in air versus velocity of light in a solution |
| subtract ___ for protein and ____ for glucose | 0.003 for protein per g 0.004 for glucose per g |
| reagent strip reaction | based on the dissociation constant of a polyelectrolyte in an alkaline medium |
| ammonia odor | bacterial decomposition, UTI |
| where are podocytes found | visceral layer of bowmans capsule |
| aldosterone comes from ADH comes from | aldosterone - adrenal cortex ADH - post. pit of hypothalamus |
| renin triggers | angiotensinogen to produce angiotensin I, which is then converted to II by ACE |
| hydrostatic pressure | keeps glomerular capillary pressure and renal blood flow consistent |
| osmotic pressure | pressure from large molecules that pulls water into the capillaries |
| what is actively transported back into the blood in the PCT | glucose, salts, amino acids |
| tubular secretion eliminates | waste products and hydrogen ions |
| glomerulus | ball of capillaries in bowmans capsule |
| osmosis | process by which water is returned to the bloodstream |
| renal calculi | kidney stone |
| process that occurs in the glomerulus | filtration |
| process that occurs in the tubules | reabsorption |
Created by:
kingsleya27