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Bio Principles II
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| polar molecule | charges are unevenly distributed |
| covalent bond | sharing electrons |
| hydrogen bonds | partial positive attracts partial negative, constantly break and reform |
| 1st Property of Water: | cohesion and adhesion of water cohesion: water molecules sticking together thru H Bonds adhesion: attraction btwn different substances |
| 2nd Property of Water: | moderation of temperature kinetic E, thermal E, temperature, heat |
| kilo | 1,000 |
| calorie | amount of heat needed to raise the temp of 1g of water by 1 C |
| joule | another unit of energy |
| specific heat | amount of energy needed to be lost or gained to change temp by 1 C |
| H20 has high specific heat- due to H bonds | absorb heat when H bonds break release heat when H bonds form |
| 3rd Property of Water: | Heat Absorption/ Evaporative Cooling absorb heat from hot air- cooling the air heat of vaporization- amount of heat absrobed when changed from liquid to gas evaporative cooling- vaporization pulls heat from the surface to drop temp. |
| 4th Property of Water | Ice floats H bonds in ice are more structured and longer than in liquid density decreases |
| Water is the solvent of life | solution- liquid that a homogenous mixture solvent- dissolving agent solute- dissolved substance |
| hydration shell | water surrounding solutes in a strucutred way |
| hydrophilic | water loving- carbs, nucleic acids, globular proteins |
| hydrophobic | water fearing- lipids, oils, transmembrane proteins |
| Acidic/ Basic | H20 can transfer H between molecules |
| Acids | easily donate/ release H- increase concentration of H in solution high pH |
| Bases | easily accept H- decrease concentration of H in solution low pH |
| A pH of 7 is | neutral |
| Buffers | chemicals that help maintain specific pH, carbonic acid and bicarbonate |
| macromolecules | carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and protein |
| enzymes | specialized macromolecules that act as catalysts for a chemical reaction |
| Synthesis | link monomers- dehydration reaction, requires E |
| Degraduation | remove monomer from a polymer- hydrolysis reaction, doesn't require E |
| Carbohydrates | sugars, monosacchrides, have a lot of carboxol groups, making them hydrophilic, use E, dehydration to link 2 monosacchrides into polysacchride- starch, glycogen, celluose |
| Starch | polymer of alpha glucose linked by a 1.4 glycosidic bond, structure for plants |
| 2 forms of starch | amylose- straight and unbranched amylopectin- somewhat branched once about 30 will and 1.6 glycosidic bond to form branch |
| Glycogen | polymer of alpha glucose with primarily 1.4 glycosidic and 1.6 glycosidic bonds which are highly branched and have about 10 sugars, provide energy storage in animals |
| Cellulose | polymer of beta glucose with 1.4 glycosidic bonds, provide structure of cell walls for plants and algae |
| Lipids | hydrophobic, made of hydrocarbons, energy storage |
| Fats | Triglycerides- consists of two smaller molecules |
| Glycerol | 3c alcohol |
| Fatty Acids | carboxyl group |
| Types of Fatty Acids | Saturated and Unsaturated |
| Saturated Fatty Acids | max number of C-H bonds, no double, solid at room temp, used for animal fats, high melting temp |
| Unsaturated Fatty Acids | 1 or more double bonds between, liquid at room temp, plants and fish, low melting temp |
| Phospholipids | glycerol, 2 fatty acids, phosphate, hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tails, main function to from membranes |
| Steroids | carbon skeleton with 4-fused rings, hydrophobic and cross membranes, function is hormone signalling, cholestrol |
| Cholestrol | components of animal membranes, used to make hormones |
| Proteins are not for..... | making energy |
| Functions of Protein | enzymatic, defensive, storage, transport, hormonal, receptor, contractile and motor, and structure |
| Proteins are made up of | amino acids, 20 |
| What are the different groups in a protein chain? | amino group, carboxyl group, R group |
| Protein Structure | 3D shape of the protein |
| structure= | function |
| 1st layer of protein structure: primary | sequence of amino acids, N terminus- C terminus |
| 2nd layer of protein structure: secondary | coils and folds alpha helix: coil- H bond between every 4th amino acid beta sheets: long chains that H bond |
| 3rd layer of protein structure: tertiary | 3D shape of 1 peptide, relies on non-covalent interactions due to side chains (R) |
| Noncovalent interactions | ionic bonds, hydrophilic/phobic, H bonds |
| 4th layer of protein structure: quartenary | multiple peptides interacting |
| Denaturing | protein unfolds or loses its 3D shape, no longer functions |
| Factors that cause denaturation | change of pH, salt concentration, and temperature |
| Nucleic Acids | DNA and RNA |
| Gene | sequence of nucleic acids that codes for a protein, typically made of DNA |
| DNA | made of deoxyribose, permanant, inheritable, makes RNA into proteins, ATCG, double stranded (anti-parallel) |
| RNA | made of ribose, temporary, made using DNA as a template, translated into proteins, AUCG |
| Structure of Nucleic Acids | both have directionally 5'-3', sugar phosphate backbone |
| Nitrogen Bases | DNA- A, T, G, C RNA- A, U, G, C |
| DNA bases | Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine |
| RNA bases | Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, and Cytosine |
| Nucleoside | nitrogenous base and sugar |
| Nucleotide | nucleoside and phosphate |
| purines | 6 membered ring fused to a 5 membered ring, adenine and guanine |
| pyrimidines | 6 membered ring, cytosine, thymine, and uracil |
| phosphodiester bond | dehydration rxn to link nucleotides |
| Cell | fundamental unit of life |
| cell growth equals | cell division |
| Prokaryotic Cell | bacteria |
| Eukaryotic Cell | plants, animals, algae, fungi, protists |
| Common Features of both: | PM, cytosol, chromosomes, and ribosomes |
| Prokaryotic Cells Characteristics | lack nutrients, have a nucleoid instead, lack membrane bound organelles |
| nucleoid | unbound/open region that contains chromosome |
| Prokaryotic Structures | fimbraie, glycocalyx, flagella, cell wall, PM, cytoplasm, nucleoid region, chromosome, ribosomes |
| fimbriae | hair-like proteins used for attachment |
| glycocalyx | carbohydrate coat, used to evade immune response, used for attachment |
| flagella | protein tail used for movement |
| cell wall | carbohydrates (peptidoglycan), structure for cell, stability |
| Plasma Membrane | lipid bilayer and proteins, control movement of molecules into the cell |
| Cytoplasm | interior of cell, filled with cytosol |
| Nuceloid region | contains chromosome, no membrane |
| chromosome | DNA, circular, lack histones |
| Ribosomes | protein translation, RNA and protein |
| Eukaryotic Cells | have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles |
| Size Limit for Eukaryotic Cells | PM- controls release of waste and entry of nutrients surface area to volume ratio- needs to be large for survival |
| Eukaryotic Cell Structures | PM- proteins and carbs, Nucleus- envelope, pore, lamina, chromosome, chromatin, nucleolus, Ribosomes, Endomembrane system |
| Phopholipid bilayer | allows selectivity |
| Proteins in PM- eukaryotic | carry out function, receptors, and transport |
| Carbs in PM- eukaryotic | sugars attached to the cell |
| nuclear envelope | double membrane |
| nuclear pore | proteins that act as gates to control early exit, mRNA needs to leave, proteins need to enter |
| nuclear lamina | cytoskeleton inside envelope, structure and stability |
| chromatin | histone and DNA, package DNA in the cell |
| nucelolus | synthesis of ribosomal RNA |
| Endomembrane System | membrane bound organelles that are connected by vesicles |
| vesicles | small membrane compartments that carry proteins between compartments |
| Smooth ER | lack ribosomes, synthesize lipids for membranes, synthesize steroids for hormones, storage and release of calcium ions, liver-detox drugs and poison |
| Rough ER | has ribosomes, make proteins for membrane or secreting, add sugars to proteins, send molecules to golgi |
| Golgi Apparatus | Cis and Trans Golgi |
| Cis Golgi | close to ER, receives vesicles from the ER |
| Trans Golgi | sorts components to send to cell membrane, lysosome, outside cell |
| cisternae | flat membrane stacks, contain enzymes to modify proteins by adding/removing sugars |
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