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Exam 1 Study Prep
Intermediate Cardiac Sonography
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the epicardium? | The outermost layer of the heart |
| In sinus arrhythmia associated with the respiratory cycle, what happens to the R-R interval in expiration? | ? |
| In the normal heart, the branches of the aortic arch arising from the proximal arch occur in which order? | Innominate artery, left common carotid artery, left subclavian |
| What defines the dominant coronary artery? | Side of the heart that gives rise to the posterior descending artery and posteriolateral artery |
| What term refers to no movement of a heart segment? | akinetic |
| What describes the AV or atrioventricular valves? | Open during ventricular diastole |
| What shape does the left ventricle maintain in its normal state? | Ellipsoid |
| Characteristic findings of a rhythm that begins in the SA node? | Positive P wave proceeding each QRS complex, Regular atrial and ventricular rhythm, P waves that look alike |
| What happens if the SA node fails to initiate an electrical impulse? | An escape pacemaker site initiates an impulse |
| True or False: Pain can be a causative factor in the patient with sinus tachycardia | True |
| Which of these is a causative force of sinus tachycardia? | Body's demand for move oxygen |
| Sino-atrial block has an effect on which part of the ECG tracing? | ? |
| The great vessels include which of the following? | Pulmonary artery |
| True or False: Closure of the semilunar valve is the second heart sound | True |
| Where is the lowest O2 saturation level found? | Coronary sinus |
| True or False: The normal O2 saturation level for the right heart is 45% and for the left heart is 98% | False |
| Which part of an ECG tracing may be longer in sinus bradycardia? | QT interval |
| The semilunar valves? | Cusps are surrounded by an annulus |
| What happens if the foramen ovale fails to close at birth? | Blood shunts from left to right or becomes bidirectional |
| Which drug can delay the closure of the fetal shunts in the post-natal period? | Prostaglandin |
| True or False: The umbilical vein carries mixed blood to the portal system | False |
| Which blood vessels allows desaturated blood from the fetus to return to the placenta? | Umbilical arteries |
| True or False: At 21-23 days, the heart tubes are forced to midline during a folding process that fuses them into a single endocardial heart tube | True |
| According to DeWitt's notebook, what is the initial embryonic heart rate? | 60-70 BPM |
| What causes the umbilical arteries to close and when does this event occur? | Increased oxygen levels, shortly after birth |
| Which chamber of the heart is created as a result of the trabecular expansion growing inferiorly from the primitive ventricle? | Apical portion of left ventricle |
| What structure is formed from the remnant of the ductus venosus? | Ligamentum venosum |
| True or False: Increased right atrial pressure causes the foramen ovale to close | False |
| In which week of the embryological development is the coronary sinus formed? | ? |
| True or False: As placental blood flow decreases, the oxygen level increases and the carbon monoxide level decreases | False |
| In which week of embryonic development do the endocardial cushions appear? | Fourth week |