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Ecology 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Water Vapor Density | Amount of water vapor per unit volume of air |
| Saturation Water Vapor Density | Maximum amount of water vapor air can hold. Increases as temperature increases. |
| High Relative Humidity | Air contains more water -> less evaporation |
| Low Relative Humidity | Air is drier -> more evaporation |
| When RH is less than 98%, atmospheric water potential is very | low |
| Two major challenges for terrestrial organisms | 1. Evaporative water loss 2. Limited access to replacement water |
| Evaporation cools organisms, but it also causes | water loss |
| Freshwater | -Very low osmolarity -Organisms in hypotonic environment |
| Seawater | -High osmolarity Organisms in hypertonic environment |
| Terrestrial challenges | Prevent water loss |
| Freshwater challenges | Prevent excess water from entering |
| Marine challenges | Prevent water loss to salty environment |
| Lichens | Poikilohydric (water content changes with environmental conditions). Can tolerate periods of drying. |
| Factors affecting microclimates: Altitude | Higher altitude-> lower temperature |
| Factors affecting microclimates: Aspect | Direction a SLOPE faces. changes the amount of sunlight received. |
| Factors affecting microclimates: Albedo | Dark SURFACES-> absorb more energy. Proportion of incoming light that is reflected. Snow->high albedo->reflects more energy |
| Water potential | Water moves from high water potential to low water potential |
| Pure water: ψ = | 0 MPa |
| Solute potential (ψsolute) | Dissolved substances lower water potential. more solute->more negative |
| Matric potential (ψmatric) | Water attracted to surfaces through adhesion/cohesion. |
| Pressure potential (ψpressure) | In plants, negative pressure can result from transpiration. |
| Root development | Root systems often reflect water availability. Deep roots are advantageous when water is deeper in the soil. |
| Morphological adaptations: Reduced leaf area → | less surface for water loss |
| Morphological adaptations: Deep roots→ | access deeper water |
| Morphological adaptations: Water storage → | stores water for dry periods |
| Morphological adaptations: Thick leaves → | reduce water loss |
| Morphological adaptations: Suberization → | Suberin creates a waterproof barrier |
| Morphological adaptations: Few stomata → | reduces water loss |
| Succulence | Increased osmolarity helps retain water in tissues. |
| C3 Plants (least specialized for hot/dry conditions) | Hot conditions -> increased evaporation -> stomata close. Closing stomata causes: decrease of co2 and photosynthesis. increase of o2 and photorespiration. |
| C4 Plants (Spatial separation) | Adaptation to hot, dry conditions. Can partially close stomata to conserve water. CO2 is initially captured in mesophyll cells. Calvin cycle occurs in bundle-sheath cells. |
| CAM Plants at night (temporal separation) | Stomata open, CO2 enters, CO2 is stored as organic acids. |
| CAM Plants during the day (temporal separation) | Stomata close, CO2 is released from organic acids, CO2 enters the calvin cycle. |
| Plants can avoid drought stress by: | *Synchronizing growth with we periods *Drought deciduousness (dropping leaves during drought) *Desert annuals (complete life cycle during wet periods) *Dormancy (temporarily stop growth/activity) |
| Metabolic water | produced during cellular respiration |
| More water vapor in air-> and why? | Less evaporation. Smaller water vapor gradient between organism and environment |
| High Vapor Pressure Deficit | Dry air-> more evaporation |
| Low Vapor Pressure Deficit | Humid air-> less evaporation |
| Water conservation | Behavior, anatomy, kidney adaptations |
| Nephron | Main functional structure of the kidney. |
| Loop of Henle: Descending limb | Permeable to water, water leaves the tubule, urine becomes more concentrated. |
| Loop of Henle: Ascending limb | Not permeable to water, NaCl (salt) leaves the tubule->helps create the kidney's osmotic gradient. |
| Collecting duct | Water is reabsorbed as fluid moves toward the inner kidney. Produces highly concentrated urine. |
| Kangaroo Rat | Maximizes kidney's osmotic gradient. Produces extremely concentrated urine and minimizes water loss. |
| Waste: Ammonia | Most toxic, most water needed |
| Waste: Urea | Intermediate toxicity, moderate water needed |
| Waste: Uric acid | Least toxic, least water needed |
| General Water-Conservation Strategies in Terrestrial Animals | Waterproof outer coverings Concentrated urine Dry/concentrated feces Behavioral adaptations → nocturnal activity, sheltering, etc. |
| Isosmotic | Internal and external solute concentrations are equal. |
| Osmoconformer | Internal water/solute concentration changes with the environment. |
| Osmoregulators | Maintains internal water and solute concentrations within narrow limits. -Actively controls despite outside salinity |
| Hyperosmotic | Environment has higher solute concentration than body fluids. |
| Hypoosmotic | Environment has lower solute concentration than body fluids. |
| Marine Fish | Hyperosmotic relative to their body fluids. Marine = drink + dump salt |
| Freshwater Fish | Hypoosmotic relative to their body fluids. Dump water + grab salt |
| Osmoconformers | Internal salt/water concentration changes with the surrounding environment. (marine invertebrates) |
| Stenohaline | Steno= narrow Tolerates a narrow range of salinity |
| Euryhaline | Eury=broad Tolerates a broad range of salinities. |
| Weather | Atmospheric conditions over a short time. Small geographic area. What is happening now |
| Climate | Long-term patterns of temperature and precipitation Considered over many years, larger regions. What actually happens. |
| Altitudinal patterns | Higher altitude = different temperature/moisture = different vegetation |
| Adiabatic cooling | Cooling occurs because air expands as pressure decreases |
| Higher altitude... | lower atmospheric pressure, air expands, molecules have larger volume, temperature decreases. |
| Lapse rate | average temp decrease= 6.4°C per km Depends on moisture |
| Earth's obliquity | Rotational axis= 23.4° Axis is NOT perpendicular to earth's orbital plane around sun. |
| Equator | Sunlight strikes Earth more directly. Energy concentrated over a smaller area -> warmer. |
| Poles | Sunlight strikes at a lower angle. Same energy is spread over a larger area -> colder. |
| Two effects of sunlight angle: Projection effect | Higher altitudes, sunlight is spread over a larger surface area |
| Two effects of sunlight angle: Absorption effect | Sunlight travels through more atmosphere at lower angles. More energy is absorbed/scattered before reaching Earth's surface. Less energy reaches surface. |
| Seasons: Earth's tilt causes solar radition. Tilt is | 23.4° |
| True or false: Seasons are primarily caused by Earth's distance from the Sun. | FALSE. Earth's tilt is. |
| Five atmospheric layers: Troposphere | Bottom layer. Where weather occurs. Temperature decreases with altitude. |
| Five atmospheric layers: Tropopause | Boundary between troposphere and stratosphere |
| Five atmospheric layers: Stratosphere | Drier and less dense. Temperature increases with altitude. Contains ozone layer that blocks harmful UV radiation. |
| Five atmospheric layers: Mesosphere | Low air pressure, temperature decreases with altitude. |
| Five atmospheric layers: Thermosphere | Top atmospheric layer, extremely thin air. |
| Hadley Cell |
Created by:
Brookelol