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Quiz 2
Ecology 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Water Vapor Density | Amount of water vapor per unit volume of air |
| Saturation Water Vapor Density | Maximum amount of water vapor air can hold. Increases as temperature increases. |
| High Relative Humidity | Air contains more water -> less evaporation |
| Low Relative Humidity | Air is drier -> more evaporation |
| When RH is less than 98%, atmospheric water potential is very | low |
| Two major challenges for terrestrial organisms | 1. Evaporative water loss 2. Limited access to replacement water |
| Evaporation cools organisms, but it also causes | water loss |
| Freshwater | Low osmolarity, hypotonic organisms |
| Seawater | High osmolarity, hypertonic organisms |
| Terrestrial challenges | Prevent water loss |
| Freshwater challenges | Prevent excess water from entering |
| Marine challenges | Prevent water loss to salty environment |
| Lichens | Poikilohydric (water content changes with environmental conditions). Can tolerate periods of drying. |
| Factors affecting microclimates: Altitude | Higher altitude-> lower temperature |
| Factors affecting microclimates: Aspect | Direction a SLOPE faces. changes the amount of sunlight received. |
| Factors affecting microclimates: Albedo | Dark SURFACES-> absorb more energy. Proportion of incoming light that is reflected. Snow->high albedo->reflects more energy |
| Water potential | Water moves from high water potential to low water potential |
| Pure water: ψ = | 0 MPa |
| Solute potential (ψsolute) | Dissolved substances lower water potential. more solute->more negative |
| Matric potential (ψmatric) | Water attracted to surfaces through adhesion/cohesion. |
| Pressure potential (ψpressure) | In plants, negative pressure can result from transpiration. |
| Root development | Root systems often reflect water availability. Deep roots are advantageous when water is deeper in the soil. |
| Morphological adaptations: Reduced leaf area → | less surface for water loss |
| Morphological adaptations: Deep roots→ | access deeper water |
| Morphological adaptations: Water storage → | stores water for dry periods |
| Morphological adaptations: Thick leaves → | reduce water loss |
| Morphological adaptations: Suberization → | Suberin creates a waterproof barrier |
| Morphological adaptations: Few stomata → | reduces water loss |
| Succulence | Increased osmolarity helps retain water in tissues. |
| C3 Plants (least specialized for hot/dry conditions) | Hot conditions -> increased evaporation -> stomata close. Closing stomata causes: decrease of co2 and photosynthesis. increase of o2 and photorespiration. |
| C4 Plants (Spatial separation) | Adaptation to hot, dry conditions. Can partially close stomata to conserve water. CO2 is initially captured in mesophyll cells. Calvin cycle occurs in bundle-sheath cells. |
| CAM Plants at night (temporal separation) | Stomata open, CO2 enters, CO2 is stored as organic acids. |
| CAM Plants during the day (temporal separation) | Stomata close, CO2 is released from organic acids, CO2 enters the calvin cycle. |
| Plants can avoid drought stress by: | *Synchronizing growth with we periods *Drought deciduousness (dropping leaves during drought) *Desert annuals (complete life cycle during wet periods) *Dormancy (temporarily stop growth/activity) |
| Metabolic water | produced during cellular respiration |
| More water vapor in air-> and why? | Less evaporation. Smaller water vapor gradient between organism and environment |
| High Vapor Pressure Deficit | Dry air-> more evaporation |
| Low Vapor Pressure Deficit | Humid air-> less evaporation |
| Water conservation | Behavior, anatomy, kidney adaptations |
| Nephron | Main functional structure of the kidney. |
| Loop of Henle: Descending limb | Permeable to water, water leaves the tubule, urine becomes more concentrated. |
| Loop of Henle: Ascending limb | Not permeable to water, NaCl (salt) leaves the tubule->helps create the kidney's osmotic gradient. |
| Collecting duct | Water is reabsorbed as fluid moves toward the inner kidney. Produces highly concentrated urine. |
| Kangaroo Rat | Maximizes kidney's osmotic gradient. Produces extremely concentrated urine and minimizes water loss. |
| Waste: Ammonia | Most toxic, most water needed |
| Waste: Urea | Intermediate toxicity, moderate water needed |
| Waste: Uric acid | Least toxic, least water needed |
| General Water-Conservation Strategies in Terrestrial Animals | Waterproof outer coverings Concentrated urine Dry/concentrated feces Behavioral adaptations → nocturnal activity, sheltering, etc. |
| Isosmotic | Internal and external solute concentrations are equal. |
| Osmoconformer | Internal water/solute concentration changes with the environment. |
| Osmoregulators | Maintains internal water and solute concentrations/balance within narrow limits. -Actively controls despite outside salinity |
| Hyperosmotic | Environment has higher solute concentration than body fluids. |
| Hypoosmotic | Environment has lower solute concentration than body fluids. |
| Marine Fish | Hyperosmotic relative to their body fluids. Marine = drink + dump salt |
| Freshwater Fish | Hypoosmotic relative to their body fluids. Dump water + grab salt |
| Osmoconformers | Internal salt/water concentration changes with the surrounding environment. (marine invertebrates) |
| Stenohaline | Steno= narrow Tolerates a narrow range of salinity |
| Euryhaline | Eury=broad Tolerates a broad range of salinities. |
| Weather | Atmospheric conditions over a short time. Small geographic area. What is happening now |
| Climate | Long-term patterns of temperature and precipitation Considered over many years, larger regions. What actually happens. |
| Altitudinal patterns | Higher altitude = different temperature/moisture = different vegetation |
| Adiabatic cooling | Cooling occurs because air expands as pressure decreases |
| Higher altitude... | lower atmospheric pressure, air expands, molecules have larger volume, temperature decreases. |
| Lapse rate | average temp decrease= 6.4°C per km Depends on moisture |
| Earth's obliquity | Rotational axis= 23.4° Axis is NOT perpendicular to earth's orbital plane around sun. |
| Equator | Sunlight strikes Earth more directly. Energy concentrated over a smaller area -> warmer. |
| Poles | Sunlight strikes at a lower angle. Same energy is spread over a larger area -> colder. |
| Two effects of sunlight angle: Projection effect | Higher altitudes, sunlight is spread over a larger surface area |
| Two effects of sunlight angle: Absorption effect | Sunlight travels through more atmosphere at lower angles. More energy is absorbed/scattered before reaching Earth's surface. Less energy reaches surface. |
| Seasons: Earth's tilt causes solar radition. Tilt is | 23.4° |
| True or false: Seasons are primarily caused by Earth's distance from the Sun. | FALSE. Earth's tilt is. |
| Five atmospheric layers: Troposphere | Bottom layer. Where weather occurs. Temperature decreases with altitude. |
| Five atmospheric layers: Tropopause | Boundary between troposphere and stratosphere |
| Five atmospheric layers: Stratosphere | Drier and less dense. Temperature increases with altitude. Contains ozone layer that blocks harmful UV radiation. |
| Five atmospheric layers: Mesosphere | Low air pressure, temperature decreases with altitude. |
| Five atmospheric layers: Thermosphere | Top atmospheric layer, extremely thin air. |
| Hadley Cell helps drive | Global atmospheric circulation, precipitation patterns, latitudinal climate patterns |
| At the equator.. | rising warm and moist air → lots of rain → rainforests |
| 30° N/S → | sinking cool/dry air → little rain → deserts |
| Continental movement changes | Climate Ocean circulation Species distributions |
| Mountain = | wet side + dry side |
| Terrestrial biome | A large-scale ecological region determined by climate and characterized by its dominant vegetation. |
| Climate determines biome → | plants help define the biome |
| Climate diagram | Temperature range, Precipitation range, timing |
| Wet season | Temperature curve is below the precipitation curve. |
| Dry Season | Temperature curve rises above the precipitation curve. |
| Soil (foundation of terrestrial biomes) is a mixture of | Living material, nonliving material, solids, liquids, gases |
| Soil Horizons | Vertical layers that classify soils |
| O → A → B → C | Organic → Active/topsoil→Below A, materials accumulate→Parent material |
| Ombrothermic Charts | Temp and precipitation patterns throughout the year for a particular location. Helpful climate and dry month wise. |
| Coriolis Effect | Apparent deflection of moving water (and air) caused by Earth's rotation. |
| Northern Hemisphere: Southern Hemisphere: | water is deflected to the right water is deflected to the left |
| Ekman Spiral | Wind moves ocean water in a series of layers. |
| Upwelling Zones | Deep, cold water rises to surface. Nutrients reach surface, phytoplankton grow, primary production is high |
| Thermohaline Circulation | Large-scale ocean circulation caused by differences in temp and salinity. |
| Eutrophication | excessive nutrients enter water, causing excessive algae growth and o2 loss |
| Hypoxic | Very low oxygen |
| Anoxic | Little to no oxygen |
| Nutrients increase, algae increase.. | Bacteria increase, O2 decrease, animals die |
| Limiting factor in aquatic systems: Light | Light limits photosynthesis and where photosynthetic organisms can live because light decreases as water gets deeper. |
| Photic zone | Enough light for photosynthesis, high primary production. |
| Aphotic zone | Little to no light, photosynthesis cannot occur. |
| Why is the ocean blue? | Blue = penetrates deepest + gets scattered → ocean looks blue |
| Limiting factor in aquatic systems: Temperature, Thermal Stratification | layers of water with different temperatures and densities |
| Warm water- less dense Cooler water- more dense | → floats → sinks |
| Thermocline | layer where temperature changes rapidly with depth |
| Limiting factor in aquatic systems: Salinity | Equator: more rain → lower salinity Subtropics: more evaporation → higher salinity |
| Limiting factor in aquatic systems: Oxygen | Low oxygen (hypoxia) limits aquatic life because organisms need dissolved oxygen for cellular respiration. (less available in water) |
| Based on Distance from Shore: Littoral zone | Shallow water along the shore, including the intertidal zone where organisms are periodically exposed to air. |
| Based on Distance from Shore: Neritic zone | Water over the continental shelf, extending from the shore to the edge of the shelf; generally nutrient-rich and highly productive. |
| Based on Distance from Shore: Oceanic zone | Water beyond the continental shelf — the open ocean. |
| Based on Depth: Benthic zone | The bottom of an aquatic ecosystem, including the seafloor or lake bottom. |
| Based on Depth: Pelagic zone | The water column above the bottom. |
| Eckman Spiral | Wind moves surface water, moves deeper water, each layer is deflected. |
| Compensation depth | depth increases->light and photosynthesis decreases |
| Green algae | shallow depth and violet/red |
| Brown algae | deeper depth and blue/orange |
| Red algae | deepest and green/blue |
| Chemoautotrophs | Make carbohydrates using chemical energy |
| Rocky intertidal zone | Area between the high tide and low tide lines. |
| Lentic | Still or slow moving water (lake) |
| Lotic | Consistently flowing water (streams) |
| Autochthonous | Energy/organic matter produced within the aquatic system. |
| Allochthonous | Organic matter comes from outside the aquatic system, usually terrestrial sources |
| Epilimnion | Upper layer that's warm |
| Hypolimnion | Deep layer that's cool |
| Terrestrial Biome: Savanna | Rainfall and seasonality, soil fertility, topography, complexity |
| Terrestrial Biome: Desert | 30° N/S, low precipitation |
| Terrestrial Biome: Boreal Forest (Taiga) | Northern hemisphere+evergreen conifers+acidic, nutrient-poor soil |
| Terrestrial Biome: Bogs | Acidic+low nitrogen+sphagnum moss |
| Terrestrial Biome: Tundra | Short growing season, permafrost (permanently frozen ground) |
| Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium | p^2+2pq+q^2=1 p=AA pq=Aa q=aa |
Created by:
Brookelol