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Intro MH Test Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How are Schema, Concepts, and Prototypes connected? | A schema is the overarching cognitive mental framework. Within a schema are concepts (mental groupings of similar items) and each concept has a prototype (typical, ideal example) |
| What is the difference between Assimilation and Accommodation? | Assimilation fits new information into an existing schema without changing it. Accommodation changes or creates a new schema to fit new, contradictory information. |
| What is the difference between Convergent Thinking and Divergent Thinking? | Convergent thinking narrows problem options down to a single correct answer. Divergent thinking expands problem solutions in multiple creative directions. |
| What is the difference between an algorithm and a heuristic? | An algorithm is a step-by-step procedure that guarantees a correct solution but is slow. A heuristic is a simple mental shortcut that allows fast decisions but is error-prone. |
| What is the difference between the Representativeness Heuristic and the Availability Heuristic? | Representativeness judges likelihood by comparing an item to a prototype. Availability estimates likelihood based on most readily available memory. |
| How could the framing someone uses affect the way you think about an issue or solve a problem? | Framing presents an issue in a specific way (like 95% success vs. 5% failure), altering perception and decision-making without changing the underlying facts. |
| How can priming affect the way you think about an issue or solve a problem? | Priming unconsciously activates specific mental associations so you use those activated ones when solving a problem. |
| What is the difference between the cognitive biases affect on your thinking? Confirmation bias, Hindsight bias, Belief perseverance, Sunk Cost Fallacy, Gambler's fallacy, Mental set, and functional fixedness. | BC search for support evidence. HB claims knew it. Belief perseverance sticks to bad beliefs. SCF continues bad investments. GF assumes future probabilities. MS uses past problem-solving. FF limits object's use. |
| What are the two elements that define what State of Consciousness a person is in? | Awareness of self and environment |
| What are some examples of different states of consciousness? | Normal wakefulness, deep sleep, REM sleep, hypnosis, and drug-induced states. |
| How does travel across multiple time zones affect a person's circadian rhythm? | It creates jet lag by causing a temporal mismatch between external environmental time and the internal 24-hour biological clock. |
| What is an EEG scan useful for? | Measuring electrical brain wave activity across the scalp to identify specific stages of sleep and types of seizures. |
| Identify each stage of sleep in the diagram below and explain why the amount of time spent in each stage is different earlier in the night vs later in the night. | Early night is dominated by NREM-3 deep sleep for physical repair; late night is dominated by REM sleep for cognitive consolidation. |
| During which stages of sleep will each of the following things occur: sleepwalking, night terrors, production of growth hormone, dreaming, hypnagogic sensations, paradoxical sleep, sleep paralysis. | Hypnagogic sensations occur in NREM-1. Sleepwalking, night terrors, and growth hormone production occur in NREM-3. Dreaming, paradoxical sleep, and sleep paralysis occur in REM. |
| How do sleep needs change as someone ages? | Total required sleep decreases with age |
| How does REM rebound help us understand the importance of REM sleep? | The increase in REM sleep following REM deprivation proves that REM sleep is a biologically necessary brain function. |
| How do the three major dream theories explain dreams? | Activation-Synthesis states dreams are the cortex trying to make sense of random brainstem firings. Consolidation theory states dreams organize and store daily memories. Restoration theory states sleep repairs cellular and physical damage. |
| Be able to identify symptoms of each sleep disorder: Insomnia, Narcolepsy, REM sleep behavior disorder, Sleep apnea, and Somnambulism. | Insomnia: difficulty falling/staying asleep. Narcolepsy: uncontrollable daytime sleep attacks. REM behavior disorder: acting out dreams due to loss of paralysis. Sleep apnea: repeated breathing stops. Somnambulism is sleepwalking during NREM-3. |
| What's the difference between eustress and distress, and what does it have to do with your appraisal of the event and yourself? | Eustress is positive motivating stress; distress is debilitating negative stress; the outcome depends on appraising the situation as a manageable challenge you can handle versus an overwhelming threat that you can't handle. |
| What are the stages of general adaptation syndrome as depicted in the figure below? What is measured on each axis? | Stages: Alarm Reaction, Resistance, Exhaustion. |
| During which stage of general adaptation syndrome are you best able to recover and during which are you most likely to get headaches or sickness? | Recovery is easiest during Resistance if the stressor ends; illness and headaches occur during Exhaustion when resources are depleted. |
| During which stage of general adaptation syndrome do you experience the fight or flight reaction? What happens to the body during this reaction? | Occurs during Alarm Reaction; sympathetic arousal spikes heart rate, dilates pupils, slows digestion, and releases adrenal hormones. |
| What's the difference between these hormones: Adrenaline, Cortisol, Oxytocin, and Melatonin? | Adrenaline triggers immediate fight-or-flight; Cortisol sustains long-term stress response; Oxytocin promotes social bonding heals body; Melatonin regulates sleep onset. |
| What's the difference between Problem-focused coping and Emotion-focused coping? | Problem-focused coping directly alters or removes the stressor; emotion-focused coping manages and reduces internal emotional reactions to the stressor. |
| What's the difference between an external locus of control and an internal locus of control? | Internal locus believes personal effort controls outcomes; external locus believes luck, fate, or external forces dictate outcomes. |
| How does your perception of control (internal vs external) affect your stress levels and health? | An internal locus leads to lower stress, better health habits, and stronger immune function; an external locus increases distress and health problems. |
| Positive Psychology says that identifying your signature strengths/virtues is not helpful for repairing your weaknesses or predicting your job performance). What ARE they useful for then? | Building resilience, boosting subjective well-being, enhancing life satisfaction, and promoting human flourishing. |
| Positive subjective experiences are the internal states of happiness, satisfaction, and cognitive engagements that drive human flourishing. What does positive psychology have to say about why gratitude journaling helps someone flourish? | Expressing gratitude intentionally shifts cognitive focus away from negative comparisons toward positive experiences, elevating subjective well-being. |
| How would the diathesis-stress model explain the cause of a disorder? | A disorder develops when an underlying genetic or biological vulnerability (diathesis) is activated by environmental stressors. |
| How do adverse childhood experiences affect someone's likelihood of ending up with a mental health disorder in adulthood. How does this compare to the impact of adverse experiences in adulthood? | ACEs alter baseline psychological and physical development, compounding disorder risk across the lifespan significantly more than adult stressors alone. |
| What three identification factors (3D's) does a professional weigh when deciding if symptoms indicate a mental health disorder? | Dysfunction (daily impairment), Distress (internal suffering), and Deviance (violation of cultural norms). |
| What is the benefit of receiving a diagnosis according to the DSM5? What could be a possible consequence? | Benefit: Provides standardized terminology to guide evidence-based treatment. Consequence: Creates negative social labels and stigma. |
| What does the DSM5 allow? What can a provider not use it for? | It allows classification and diagnosis of mental disorders; it cannot be used to determine exact causes (etiology) or prescribe specific treatments. |
| What are some important symptoms used to recognize major depressive disorder? | Persistent sad/empty mood, loss of interest/enjoyment, weight/sleep changes, worthlessness, and suicidal ideation lasting at least two weeks. |
| What's the difference between major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder? | Major Depressive Disorder involves severe episodes lasting at least two weeks; Persistent Depressive Disorder is a milder, chronic depression lasting two full years or more. |
| What are the four parts of a pessimistic explanatory style that a person with a depression would probably have? | Internal ("it's my fault"), Stable ("it will last forever"), Global ("it ruins everything"), and Uncontrollable ("I can't change it"). |
| How is dissociative amnesia different from retrograde or anterograde amnesia? | Dissociative amnesia is psychologically driven memory loss from trauma with no brain damage; retrograde/anterograde amnesias stem directly from physical neurological injury. |
| How do you know if someone is experiencing dissociative fugue? | When dissociative amnesia is accompanied by unexpected travel away from home and identity loss or assumption of a new identity. |
| What characterizes dissociative identity disorder? | The presence of two or more distinct, alternating personality states that recurrently take control of behavior, along with memory gaps. |
| How do we know that cognitive therapy is an evidence-based intervention for depression? | Medical research like experiments consistently demonstrate that cognitive restructuring produces symptom reduction and lowers relapse rates. |
| What are the four ethical principles that mental health professionals must follow in practice with patients? | Nonmaleficence (do no harm), Fidelity (trust/responsibility), Integrity (honesty), and Respect for Rights and Dignity (autonomy/confidentiality). |
| In US medical history, what is the difference between deinstitutionalization and institutionalization? | Institutionalization isolated patients in large state mental hospitals; deinstitutionalization released patients into community-based care following psychotropic medication developments. |
| How does someone with the cognitive perspective/approach explain the cause of depression and the best treatment for depression? | Depression is caused by irrational, maladaptive thinking patterns; the best treatment is cognitive therapy to restructure negative thoughts into functional ones. |
| Why does someone from the cognitive perspective/approach think a depressed person needs cognitive restructuring? | Because cognitive distortions affect the person's perception of reality, keeping them trapped in negative thought cycles. |
| What are the three negative views that are part of the cognitive triad? | Negative automatic views about Oneself ("I am useless"), the World ("The world is unfair"), and the Future ("Things will never improve"). |
Created by:
lcurty100