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| Physiology | How the systems in the body, including cells, function focusing primarily on vertebrate animals. This includes humans. |
| How an animal responds to its environment. | animal physiology |
| How do modern day animals carry out their functions? | Proximate/Mechanisms |
| Why do modern day animals possess features that they do? | Ultimate/Origin |
| Evolutions doesn’t necessarily lead to… | Optimization. |
| Which scenario is an example of evolution? A: Diet makes bugs smaller B: Beetles of different color due to gene mutations | B: because of the gene mutation |
| Reasons for evolutions | Mutation. Migration. Genetic drift. Natural selection. |
| A trait that has become frequent in a population because it confers a greater probability of survival and successful reproduction. | Adaptation |
| A measurement of how adaptive a trait might be. Specifically for reproduction ability | Fitness |
| Natural Sexual Anthropogenic | Types of selection |
| INTRA selection | Selection due to interactions between individuals of the same sex (male v male) |
| INTER selection | Selection due to interactions of opposite sex (male impress female) |
| Human created/unnatural, habitat loss, pollution, climate change, invasive species, emerging wildlife sickness | Anthropogenic selection |
| “Master regulator” | Animals must respond to changes in their environment on both rapid and slow timescales |
| Use information about the environment, gathered by the special senses to direct signals to the rest of the body to modify the controlled variable often to help maintain homeostasis | Control systems |