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BIOL 329 Exam One
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| The two domains of prokaryotic cells | Bacteria and Archaea |
| Components of prokaryotic cells | Ribosomes, circular DNA, flagella, pili, cytoplasm, and nucleoid |
| Components of eukaryotic cells | Ribosomes, linear DNA, peroxisomes, lysosomes, mitochondria, chloroplasts, smooth ER, rough ER, nucleus, golgi bodies, and cytosol |
| How does the relationship between DNA, RNA, and proteins make self-replication of cells possible? | DNA and RNA provide the genetic sequence for proteins to be created and proteins create the catalytic power to create new DNA and RNA |
| Two main differences between archaea and bacteria | Archaea is composed mainly of extremophiles (live in extreme environments) while bacteria is not, as well, the two groups have differences in the coding of their RNA |
| Light microscope | Led to the discovery of cells, main limitation being the resolution is only 0.2 mm, ordinary light is source of light |
| Electron microscopes | Two types of electron microscopes but both only show dead cells. Scanning Electron Microscopes allow 3D visuals. Transmission Electron microscopes do not show 3D visuals. |
| Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells | Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, a nucleus, a nuclear envelope, diploids, meiosis and mitosis, while prokaryotic cells do not have membrane-bound organelles, a nucleus, or a nuclear envelope, they are haploid, and use fission. |
| Two main similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are that they both | Both have ribosomes and both have an outer membrane |
| Limitations to cell size | Cells cannot properly maintain a cell with greater volume than surface area |
| Two key species that are most similar to humans | Fruit flies and mice |
| Importance of c. elegans | Programmed cell death --- the exact cell amount is known and this species specifically kill off a certain amount of cells |
| Importance of e. coli | Help us understand molecular biology |
| Importance of human cells to yeast cells | Human DNA can rescue defected yeast cells |
| How many electrons does carbon have in its outer shell? | 4 |
| How many electrons does hydrogen have in its outer shell? | 1 |
| What three elements have full valence electron shells therefore are the most electrically stable? | Ar, Ne, and He |
| Covalent Bond | Sharing of electrons between two atoms |
| Ionic Bond | Transfer of electrons from one atom to another |
| Polar Covalent Bond | The sharing of electrons between two atoms that differ largely in electronegativity |
| Nonpolar Covalent Bond | The sharing of electrons between two atoms similar in electronegativity |
| Impact of double bonds on rigidity of molecular geometry | Double bonds increase rigidity in cellular geometry and cause molecules to arrange in planar (linear) geometric shapes |
| Noncovalent Bond Interactions | Hydrophobic bonds, hydrogen bonds, electrostatic attractions, and Van der Waals forces |
| Hydrogen Bond Examples | H-N, H-O, H-F |
| Role of Acid in Reactions | Proton donator |
| Role of Base in Reactions | Proton acceptor |
| The more negative the pH... | The more acidic the solution |
| Organic Molecule Definition | Compound that has H and C |
| All small organic molecule building blocks | Sugars, fatty acids, nucleotides, and amino acids |
| Large organic molecule polymers | Fats, proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, and proteins |
| What bond connects monosaccharides | Glycosidic Bond |
| What reaction allows polymers to form? | Condensation Reactions (releases water) |
| What reactions allows polymers to break down? | Hydrolysis Reactions (consumes water) |
| Two components of a fatty acid chain? | Hydrophilic head (phosphate group) and hydrophobic tail (fatty acid tails) |
| What components create a lipid bilayer? | Fatty acid chains (the hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails) |
| What bond connects amino acids? | Peptide Bond |
| What two atoms are connected in a amino acid's peptide bond? | The C of one amino aid and the N of the next amino acid. |
| What reaction occurs when a peptide bond is formed? | Condensation Reactions (releases water) |
| What reaction occurs when a glycosidic bond is formed? | Condensation Reactions (releases water) |
| Stereoisomer | Molecule with same molecular formula but different 3D configurations |
| Role of saccharides in the cell | Energy |
| First law of thermodynamics | Energy cannot be created or destroyed, just converted |
| What is photosynthesis an example of (in terms of the energy used and released) | The first law of thermodynamics. Electromagnetic energy into chemical energy (sunlight ---> sugar) |
| Second law of thermodynamics | Entropy in a system can only increase |
| What is a room being messy more than it is clean an example of? | The second law of thermodynamics (it is much easier for a system to be disordered than to be ordered). |
| Products of Photosynthesis | Glucose and Oxygen |
| Products of Cellular Respiration | ATP O2 and H2O |
| Spontaneous Reaction | When gibbs free energy is less than 0 and when the reaction is exergonic, can occur without additional input of energy |
| Nonspontaneous Reaction | When gibbs free energy is more than 0 and when the reaction is endergonic, cannot occur without additional input of energy or reaction coupling |
| Example of Spontaneous Reaction | ATP Hydrolysis |
| Example of Nonspontaneous Reaction | Photosynthesis |
| Chemical Equilibrium | Forward and reverse rates in a reaction are equal, gibbs free energy equals 0. |
| What is OILRIG | Oxidation is loss of electrons, reduction is gain of electrons |
| Role of Enzymes in Chemical Reactions | Lessen the amount of activation energy for a reaction to proceed, can also speed up rate of reaction |
| What is special about the combustion of glucose in oxygen? | While the combustion is spontaneous, it can take centuries to occur |
| Reaction Coupling | Highly exergonic reaction paired with a endergonic biosynthesis reaction to allow the reaction to occur |
| Drives the reaction to equilibrium | Binding Energy |
| Activated Carriers | Released energy from reactions stored as high-energy bonds (ATP, NADH, NADPH) |
| Activated Carrier for Photosynthesis | NADPH |
| First step of ATP hydrolysis | Activation --- ATP transfers a phosphate to A-OH to produce a high energy intermediate |
| Second step of ATP hydrolysis | Condensation --- activated intermediate reacts with B-H to form A-B |
| When atoms are held together by ionic bonds they are referred to as | Salts |
| Why can glutamic acid create ionic bonds but not glutamine | Glutamic acid has a negatively charged carboxyl group, glutamine does not |
| What chains on proteins give them their chemical identity? | R (side) chains |
| What bonds/interactions help to fold proteins? | Electrostatic attraction, hydrogen bonding, Van der Waals interactions, and hydrophobic interactions |
| Why do hydrophobic molecules, such as long-chain hydrocarbons, tend to aggregate in an aqueous environment? | Water molecules form a highly ordered, energetically unfavorable cage around them, and aggregation minimizes the surface area of this cage.[ |
| In the aqueous environment of the cell, what is the primary driving force that causes a protein to fold into a compact, globular shape? | The hydrophobic force, which pushes non-polar side chains into the interior to avoid contact with water. |
| Chaperone proteins | Guide proteins to properly fold, can also do this in chambers. |
| Explain bonds in the secondary structure of protein | Hydrogen bonds between the backbone and backbone, backbone and side chain, and side chain to side chain. |
| Most common folding patterns of proteins | Alpha helix and beta sheet |
| Primary structure of protein | Amino acids linked together via peptide bonds |
| Secondary structure of protein | Alpha helix and beta sheet held together by hydrogen bonds in peptide backbone |
| Tertiary structure of protein | Caused by weak noncovalent bonds (Van der Waals, electrostatic attraction, hydrophobic forces, etc.) between R chains |
| Quaternary structure of protein | Several tertiary structures held by noncovalent bonds |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | Focus in protein synthesis |
| Lysosome | Recycles waste materials |
| Peroxisomes | Rids of radical oxygen by utilizing peroxidase enzyme in cell |
| Endosymbiosis Theory | Anaerobic prokaryotic cell engulfed bacterial cells that later turned into mitochondrion and chloroplasts, and the cell could then act as an aerobe |
| Endocytosis | Bringing materials into the cell that is needed |
| Exocytosis | Sending unneeded materials out of the cell |
| Filament in cytoplasm that maintain shape of cell | Actin filament, microtubules, and intermediate filament |
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kayleeswilson