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Cat Class Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| When did the evolution of felidae family begin | 35 million years ago |
| Where was the first ancestor of all living cats traced back to | Southeast Asia |
| What was the name of the first cat ancestor | Nimravids |
| What was the last common ancestor of modern felids | Pseudaelurus |
| When was Pseudaelurus living | 11 million YA |
| Where was pseudaelurus living | Asia |
| When did the first branch of felids branch off from Pseudaelurus | 10.8 million YA |
| How many lineages and species of cats are there | 8 lineages, 41 species |
| What cats are in the panthera family | lion, tiger, jaguar, leopard, snow leopard, clouded leopards |
| Why can panthera roar | ossified bone in throat called Hyoid |
| What was the oldest big cat fossil found and when was it from | Snow leopard from tibet 6-4 MYA |
| What cats are in the bay cat family | Asian golden cat Bornean Bay Cat Marbled cat |
| Where are bay cats found | forested areas in SE Asia |
| What cats are in the caracal family | Caracal Serval African Golden Cat |
| Where are Caracal cats found | Africa |
| What cats are in the ocelot family | Geoffroy's cat, kodkod, Tigrina (S and N), Andean Mountain Cat, Pampas cat, Margay, Ocelot |
| Where are ocelot cats found | Central and South America |
| How many chromosomes does the ocelot have compared to other felids | 36 vs 38 |
| What cats in the Lynx family | Iberian lynx, Eurasian lynx, Canada lynx, Bobcat |
| Where are the Lynx cats found | North America and Eurasia |
| How are Lynx cats different from other families | Short tails and pointed ears |
| What cats are in the Puma family | Puma Jaguarundi Cheetah |
| Where are the Puma cats found | Started in North America and now throughout all continents |
| What cats are in the Asian Leopard Cat family | Mainland Leopard Cat Sunda Leopard Cat Rusty-Spotted Cat Pallas's Cat Fishing Cat Flat-headed Cat |
| Where are the Asian Leopard Cats found | Asia |
| What cats are in the Domestic Cat family | African Wildcat European Wildcat Sand Cat Chinese Mountain Cat Black-footed Cat Jungle Cat |
| Where the the domestic cat family found | Africa and Eurasia |
| When did domestication begin | Neolithic Period |
| Wildcat in Near East first domesicated _____-_____ YA | 8,000-10,000 YA |
| When were bones in Cyprus found | 9,500 YA |
| When was the Ivory cat statuette found in Israel | 3,700 YA |
| When was the "cat under the chair" artwork found in Egypt | 3,600 YA |
| When did cats become the "official deity" known as Bastet | 2,900 YA |
| When were felid remains found in China | 5,300 YA |
| Which subspecies of Felis silvestris is the only one to become fully domesticated | lybica |
| When were cat remains found in Germany/Europe | 2,000 YA |
| Where and when were most modern breeds developed | 1800's in the British Isles |
| What happened between 1350-1767 | "cat book poems" in Thailand |
| When did the first cat show occur | 1871 |
| Where was the first cat show | Crystal Palace in London |
| When was the first cloned kitten "cc" born | 2001 |
| Where was "cc" born at | Texas A&M |
| When did scientists first sequence the entire genome of a cat named cinnamon | 2007 |
| What species of cat was cinnamon | Abyssinian |
| What can scientists do now that the entire genome of a cat has been sequenced | ID mutations that produce traits like: Tabby patterning, Black/white/orange coloring, Long hair and more |
| How many domestic cats are found worldwide | roughly 600 million |
| Information Flow during Transcription/translation | DNA>RNA>Protein |
| 3 types of genetic tests | Cytogenetics Inherited Diseases Phenotypic Traits |
| What is the size of the cat genome | 20,000 genes |
| How many chromosomes does a domestic cat have | 38 chromosomes 18 pairs autosomal 1 pair of sex |
| What are 2 chromosomal abnormalities that cats do not get | do not have a fragile X repeat on the X chromosome (assoc. with intellectual disabilities) analogue to Down's Syndrome |
| What chromosomal abnormalities are seen in cats | XO cats Klinefelter's (XXY) |
| in XXY tortie toms what does the extra X chromosome introduce in terms of coat coloring | possibility of orange and non-orange alleles, which produce orange and non-orange coat spotting |
| Lyonization | Inactivation of 1 of the X chromosomes |
| Barr Body | X-chromosome inactivated by supercoiling |
| In what stage of development does lyonization occur | blastula |
| What were the first genetic mutations identified in cats | gangliosidosis muscular dystrophy |
| What is Gangliosidosis | Lacking an enzyme to metabolize certain lipids |
| What does Gangliosidosis cause | accumulation of lipids (gangliosides) in neuronal cells |
| What are the two types of Gangliosidosis | GM1 and GM2 |
| What is GM1 | lack enzyme acid beta galoctosidase |
| What is GM2 | lack of enzymes hexosaminidase A and B |
| Clinical signs of Gangliosidosis | Ataxia Dysmetria Tremors Nystagmus WBCs may contain cytoplasmic granules Facial dysmorphism |
| How long do kittens with Gangliosidosis typically live | 8-10 months of age |
| For cats with the GM1 mutation, what has increased their lifespan by 6x | Intracranial Injection of AAV gene therapy |
| How is Gangliosidosis inherited | autosomal recessive homozygous |
| What are muscles deficient in for the disease Muscular dystrophy | the dystrophin protein |
| What breeds commonly get GM1 gangliosidosis | korat siamese domestic cats |
| What breeds commonly get GM2 gangliosidosis | Korat Burmese Domestic Cat |
| What breed commonly gets muscular dystrophy | domestic shorthair |
| Clinical Signs of Muscular Dystrophy | regurgitation stiff bunny-hopping gait progressive muscle stiffness muscle atrophy or hypertrophy cardiomyopathy serum chemistry panel shows increase in creatine kinase poor prognosis, progressively fatal |
| How is muscular dystrophy inherited | x-linked recessive |
| Who is predominantly affected by muscular dystrophy | male cats |
| Cats with PKD have ____ on their _____ | cysts; kidneys |
| In cats with PKD what varies between cats | number of cysts and rate that the cysts enlarge |
| Cats affected with PKD will not show signs of | kidney disease around 7 years of age |
| How is PKD inherited | autosomal dominant |
| What breed has a high incidence of PKD | Persian |
| Clinical Signs of PKD | Increased thirst and urination nausea and vomiting decreased appetitive and weight loss blood in urine |
| Treatment/management of PKD | No treatment manage with diet, fluid therapy, medications to reduce nausea and vomiting |
| What color patterns are affected by different loci | Agouti Brown Colorpoint restriction Dilute Amber |
| What does the Agouti signaling protein (ASIP) interact with | Melanocortin 1 receptor |
| What does the Melanocortin 1 receptor interaction result in | switching between red and black pigments created banding pattern in each hair |
| What type of inheritance does Agouti use | autosomal recessive mode |
| Does the same gene that does Agouti patterning result in the dark stripe patterns (aka tabby pattern) interspersed with lighter hairs in agouti | no, different gene |
| What is an example of when a/a cats will show tabby patterning | red/orange (sex-lined) |
| What is reduced in cats for them to appear brown | eumelanin (black pigment) |
| what gene affects the amount of black pigment produced | Tyrosinase-related protein-1 |
| what are the different mutations of the brown gene | splice variant non-sense mutation |
| What mutation results in a splice variant aka chocolate color | mutation in an intron |
| What does the non-sense mutation of the brown gene result in | cinnamon/red color |
| Where are color points associated with | temperature sensitive productive |
| Color point is ______ to wild type | recessive |
| What gene is affected for the color point mutation | Tyrosinase (TYR) |
| How does the tyrosinase (TYR) gene affect melanin production | enzyme |
| What 2 breed alleles have temperature sensitive colorpoints | Burmese and Siamese allele |
| What does the Burmese allele result in | darker points than the body and yellow-gray/yellow-green eyes |
| What does the Siamese allele result in | less pigment production at points and blue eyes |
| What does the dilute gene cause | uneven distribution and clumping of pigment granules |
| How does the dilute gene occur | mutation in the melanophilin gene gene encodes a carrier protein |
| How does the amber coat color occur | black pigment in coat gradually replaced with a yellow pigment |
| What is the mode of inheritance of the amber coat color | autosomal recessive |
| What cat breed commonly has an amber coat | Norwegian Forest Cat |
| What other tests can be run on cats | Parentage Ancestry Blood Groups |
| How much does it cost to test your cat's DNA for genes | $750 |
| What are some ways the genetic tests wont be accurate | Incomplete penetrance Age of onset Multiple genes can contribute to a phenotype Redundancy of codons |
| In order to differentiate a cat from a chicken, which genetic material is typically used? Exam of specific gene in the sex chromosomes Exam of specific gene in the autosomes Exam of specific gene in the mitochondrial DNA None the above | Exam of specific gene in the mitochondrial DNA |
| The physical appearance of a cat is influenced by… Various alleles Various genetic mutations The environment a cat lives in All of the above | All |
| _____ is the inactivation of one of the two X chromosomes to prevent the over expression of genes in the sex chromosomes of females compared to males. | Lyonization |
| The color point mutation is the lack of the ______ enzyme(s) in melanin production. | tyrosinase |
| What is an X-linked recessive disease in cats? Poly cystic kidney disease Muscular dystrophy Gangliosidosis Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy | Muscular dystrophy |
| What is a reason why genetic tests can yield incorrect results? Incomplete penetrance Multiple genes can contribute to a phenotype Redundancy in the genetic code All of the above | All |
| Which cats are have a higher predisposition of polycystic disease? Persian Norwegian Forest Scottish fold Bengal | Persian |
| Which agouti genotype(s) result(s) in a solid color hair? A/A and A/a a/a | a/a |
| The costs to sequence the genome of a cat is approximately ____. $750 $1,500 $50,000 $100,000 | $750 |
| There are genetic tests to screen for potential ancestry in a cat. Is this statement true or false? True False | True |
| Each Cat Registry has a different number of breeds that they recognize, but they have the same breed standards and show rules. True or False? True False | False |
| The TICA recognizes how many cat breeds? 25 45 73 75 | 73 |
| What breed of cat always has a short, dense silver tipped coat and green eyes? Devon Rex Ragdoll Russian Blue Siamese | Russian Blue |
| What percentage of Scottish Fold kittens in a litter are born with folded ears? 10% 25% 50% 100% | 50% |
| Which of the following cat breeds was almost lost during WWII and domestic shorthair crosses were used to revive the breed? British Shorthair American Shorthair Bombay Turkish Angora | British Shorthair |
| The gene that makes the curly coat in the Cornish Rex is the exact same as the Devon Rex. True or False? True False | False |
| What cat is born with color points that are dark, but as the cat gets older and the coat matures, the body color becomes deeper and richer and eventually there is very little difference between the points and the rest of the body color? | Burmese |
| The shoulder of the cat is ________ to the elbow, or that the elbow is ________ to the shoulder”. | Dorsal, ventral |
| When thinking about an injury to a cat’s tail, if the injury was at the tip of the tail, you would say that it is a _________ injury to the tail. Cranial Distal Proximal Rostral | Distal |
| Attachment site that does not move | Muscle origin |
| Muscle attachment site that moves | Muscle insertion |
| Joint angle that decreases | flexion |
| Joint angle that increases | extension |
| You should always do a rectal exam on a cat as part of your physical exam, regardless of their size and condition. True False | False |
| The right side of the heart deals with _________ blood and pumps the blood to the lungs, so the right side is _______and doesn’t have as much muscle. | deoxygenated; thinner |
| Bony protuberances are attachment points for muscles and are good landmarks for palpation. True or False? True False | True |
| Up to what percent of hyperthyroid cats have a palpable thyroid goiter? 90% 30% 10% 70% | 90% |
| What should the liver be evaluated for in a physical exam | Evaluated for masses or enlargement in the cranial abdomen |
| What should the Kidney be evaluated for in a physical exam | Assess size, shape, and abnormalities on abdominal palpation |
| What should the urinary bladder be evaluated for in a physical exam | assess for urine volume and abnormalities like stones |
| What should the small intestine be evaluated for in a physical exam | evaluate for foreign bodies, thickening or abnormal contents |
| What should the colon be evaluated for in a physical exam | check for firm fecal matter during palpation |
| What is cystocentesis? | Collection of urine directly from the bladder using a needle |
| Why is the left ventricular wall thicker than the right ventricular wall? | It must generate higher pressure to pump blood throughout the body. |
| During thyroid surgery, damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve may result in: | Laryngeal paralysis and respiratory dysfunction |
| The sympathetic fibers involved in Horner syndrome pass near which anatomical structure, making it an important location to investigate? | Tympanic bulla |
| Which venipuncture site is commonly used for obtaining a large, high-quality blood sample in cats? | Jugular vein |
| Which lung has four lobes in the cat? | Right lung |
| Which skeletal landmark combination is used to evaluate a suspected hip luxation? Wing of the ilium, greater trochanter, and tuber ischii Olecranon, radius, ulna Scapula, humerus, radius Mandible, zygomatic arch, and atlas | Wing of the ilium, greater trochanter, and tuber ischii |
| What is the feline vertebral formula? C7-T13-L7-S3-Cd18+ C7-T12-L8-S3-Cd15 C8-T13-L6-S2-Cd18 C6-T12-L6-S4-Cd20 | C7-T13-L7-S3-Cd18+ |
| The spleen is a palpable abdominal structure in many cats. True False | True |
| Name the lobes in the right lung | Cranial, Caudal, Middle, Accessory |
| Name the lobes of the left lungs | Cranial (also divided into cranial caudal) Caudal |
| Which side of the heart deals with deoxygenated blood | Right |
| Which side of the heart deals with Oxygenated blood | Left |
| What is a heart murmur | turbulent blood flow across a heart valve |
| What is Horner's Syndrome | Damage to the sympathetic nervous supply to the eye in that area |
| What is Hyperthyroidism | Excess of thyroid hormones (t3/T4) that can result in a goiter forming |
| How can you diagnose Hyperthyroidism | Doing a CBC, Chem and T4 panel |
| What are the signs/symptoms of Horner's Syndrome | constricted pupil, drooping upper eyelids, retraction of eyeball into head, elevated third eyelid |
| Where can polyps grow during Horner's Syndrome | occur in the tympanic bulba |
| How can understanding anatomy of the cat help you to diagnose problems or help guide you during surgery | If you have an understanding of how something is supposed to work/look you are able to recognize when it is not working as intended. |
| Why is Auscultation helpful in heart exams | helps isolate valve involved in a heart murmur |
| What is the apex of the right side parasternal in a cat heart | Tricuspid valve |
| What is the apex of the left side parasternal in a cat heart | mitral valve |
| What is the base of the left side parasternal in a cat heart | aortic and pulmonary valves |
| Where would you auscult to listen to the base of the left side parasternal | dorsal sternum |
| What is a normal flow of the heart called | laminar |
| What structures are palpable via rectal exam | Rectum, Anal sacs, lymph nodes, urethra, pelvic bone, caudal lumbar spine |
| What are some things that can be diagnosed by palpating the rectum | cancer, infections, trauma, urinary stones, constipation |
| What age typically gets Feline Nasopharyngeal Polyps | Young cats |
| What type of disease is Feline Nasopharyngeal Polyps | Inflammatory disease |
| What toxicity/ disease causes: Full body tremors, hypersalivating and swallowing frequently, aware of surroundings, ataxia | Pyrthrin toxicity |
| What toxicity/ disease causes: "SLUDGE-M" (Salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, GI, emesis, miosis) | Organophosphate toxicity |
| What toxicity/ disease causes: Weakness (little or a lot), loss of reflexes | Coral Snake Envenomation |
| What toxicity/ disease causes: Head tilt, abnormal motion in the eyes (nystagmus), dullness or stupor | Vestibular Syndrome |
| Which of the following could be a cause of a seizure? Toxoplasma Electrolyte abnormalities Rabies All of the above. | All |
| Pyrethrin toxicity in cats can be caused by: Giving cats large dog tick and flea medication. Cats getting into antifreeze and coolant. From getting bit by a tick All of the above. | Giving cats large dog tick and flea medication. |
| Which of the following is true about the Peripheral nervous system? Primary neurotransmitter of the PNS is acetylcholine. The function of the SNS is the “rest or digest”. The SNS is the involuntary contraction of cardiac and smooth muscle. All | Primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic system is acetylcholine. |
| If a cat is on the floor preparing to jump up onto the couch, this act would come from which of the following? Somatic nervous system Autonomic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system Sympathetic nervous system | Somatic nervous system |
| If a cats eyes are moving in a “pendular” motion, no fast or slow, this is a sign of vestibular syndrome. T or F | F |
| Which of the following could help you distinguish whether a cat has had a seizure or not. Length of the episode. Visuals – body contractions, hypersalivating, urination, etc. Behavior observations before and after (pre and post ictal). All | All the above |
| Is Feline Herpes Virus 1 a core or non-core vaccine | Core |
| Is Rabies a core or non-core vaccine | Core |
| Is Feline Chlamydia Felis a core or non-core vaccine | Non-Core |
| Is Feline Immunodeficiency Virus a core or non-core vaccine | Non-core |
| When considering a cat’s environment, which of the following should they have access to? Safe places to hide. Access to window spaces to see outdoors. Always have access to free choice clean water. All of the above. | All |
| Assessing grooming can give an indication if a cat is under stress or not. | True |
| What is true about litter box habits in cats? It isn’t natural for the cat to want to use a litter box, it is just easier for humans. Burying feces/urine is a behavior that cats learn early in life Any type of litter/litter box will work for cat All | Burying feces and urine is a behavior that cats learn early in life. |
| Which is true about preventative cat care and vax In most cases, it is cheaper to administer a vax then to treat a condition There are oral, topical and injectable dewormers Bartonella spp. and toxoplasmosis are 2 types of zoonotic diseases. All | All |
| Feline Immunodeficiency Virus is spread mostly through cat bites. | True |
| Feline Immunodeficiency Virus is referred to as the “Grooming disease” because it can be spread from cats sharing water bowls or grooming one another | False |
| If a kitten is positive for Feline Leukemia Virus they will often test negative for the disease later in life. | False |
| What do dendrites do | receive signals from other neurons and transmit electrical charges to the soma |
| What do axons do | transmit electrical charges away from the cell body |
| What do axon terminals release | neurotransmitters |
| What do neurotransmitters do | pass signal to dendrites of other neurons or to muscles or glands |
| What are the 3 types of neurons | sensory, relay, motor |
| What do sensory neurons do | collects information from the receptors that monitor internal and external stimuli |
| What do Integration (relay) neurons do | processing sensory signals |
| What do Motor neurons do | signals contraction of skeletal muscles, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle of the intestinal tract etc |
| What direction does sensory neurons transmit nerve impulses | towards CNS from receptors |
| where do Relay neurons transmit nerve impulses | between sensory neurons and motor neurons |
| What direction does motor neurons transmit nerve impulses | away from CNS to effectors |
| What are Glial Cells | support cells |
| What do Glial cells do | provide myelination to increase speed of conduction |
| What is the CNS (central nervous system) used for | Spinal Cord Brian |
| What is the PNS (Peripheral nervous system) divided into | Somatic nervous system Autonomic Nervous system |
| What does the Somatic nervous system do | voluntary contraction of skeletal muscle |
| What does the autonomic nervous system do | involuntary contraction of cardiac and smooth muscle |
| What is the PNS (Peripheral nervous system) used for | Nerves and Ganglia outside of the brain and spinal cord Cranial Nerves and Spinal nerves |
| What do the cranial nerves connect | head and face to the brain |
| What do the spinal nerves arise from and extend to | arise from: spinal cord and extend to legs, tail, internal organs |
| What is the mechanism of action for Pyrethrin Toxicity | Lipophiolic |
| What does Lipophilic mean in relation to mechanism of action | dermal absorption, can be orally absorbed as well |
| What does pyrethrin toxicity delay | closure of voltage gated sodium channels on nerve axons |
| Where does Pyrethrin Toxicity come from | Insectisides or giving large animal flee and tick medicine to a small animal |
| How to treat Pyrethrin Toxicity | Wash the cat IV fluids if temp >105 Benzodiazepines for seizures Muscle Relaxor for tremors Intralipids- lipid sink for pyrethrin in circulation |
| How to diagnose Pyrethrin Toxicity | Clinical Signs History of Exposure Liquid Chromatography of urine or plasma |
| What are the routes of exposure for organophosphate toxicity | oral, dermal, inhalation |
| What does Organophosphate Toxicity inhibit | Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor |
| What does Acetylcholinesterase | breaks down acetylcholine (neurotransmitter) to prevent repeated firing of nerves |
| What happens if Acetylcholineesterase is inhibited | increased acetylcholine at neuromuscular junction |
| What is the treatment for Organophosphate toxicity | Antimuscarinic drugs; cholinesterase reactivating enzyme (2-PAM) |
| How does Ethylene glycol toxicity appear | drunken appearance then asymptomatic then renal failure |
| What are diseases/toxicities that lower motor neuron function | Coral snake envenomation, tick paralysis, botulism, myasthenia gravis |
| What does coral snake envenomation inhibit | acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junction |
| What is the treatment for coral snake envenomation | antivenom, supportive care, mechanical ventilation |
| What are the 2 locations of seizures | Intracranial (cerebrum) or Extracranial |
| Types of Intracranial seizures | Neoplastic Infectious Vascular Idiopathic Epilepsy |
| Types of Extracranial seizures | Metabolic Toxicity Electrolyte abnormalities |
| What are some infectious causes of seizures | Feline infectious peritonitis (feline corona virus) Cryptococcus Toxoplasma Cuterbra Rabies |
| How to diagnose seizures | Bloodwork Echocardiogram BP ECG MRI CSF Tap |
| How to diagnose Vestibular Syndrome | Bloodwork BP Otic exam MRI |
| How to treat vestibular syndrome | Anti-nausea medications supportive care if from an ear infection: oral antibiotics and surgery |
| What is the most important during spinal trauma | stabilize patient systemically |
| what are Zoonotic Diseases | Diseases that can be passed from animals to people |
| Examples of Zoonotic Diseases | Rabies |
| What is the most important thing to consider when choosing cat food? | Complete and Balanced |
| List the life stages of the cat that are recognized by the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO): | Gestation/lactation (Pregnant) Growth (Kitten) Maintenance (Adult) All life stages |
| How to determine if a cat food is complete and balanced | AAFCO |
| List normal cat behaviors | climbing/perching Hunting Scratching Grooming Sleeping Litterbox |
| What are some arthropods that harm cats | Fleas Ticks |
| How do arthropods harm cats | carry diseases |
| What are 3 types of internal parasites | hookworms roundworms tapeworms |
| Are heartworms zoonotic or non-zoonotic? | Not Zoonotic |
| What is the definition of a core vaccine for animals? | A vaccine every animal should begiven. The targeted diseases are common and cause significant illness and death |
| What does the FVRCP vaccine treat? | Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis (feline herpes type 1) Calicivirus Panleukopenia |
| What does the FeLV vaccine treat? | Feline Leukemia Virus Feline Immunodeficiency Virus |
| What does FeLV and FIV do to the immune system | suppresses immune system and can lead to disease |
| What to check for during an oral exam | Gingivitis – Inflammation of the gingiva (gums) |
| What are common medical conditions in cats | Obesity Dental Disease Stress/anxiety Arthritis Weight Loss |
| What could be some of the common medical conditions that cause inappropriate urination behaviors from cats | Kidney disease Diabetes full/partial obstruction infection behavioral |
| What could be some underlying common medical conditions that cause weight loss in cats | Dietary Hyperthyroidism Diabetes Kidney disease cancer IBD |
| A function of the liver includes: Synthesis of plasma protein Maintains blood sugar Produces bile All of the above | All |
| The transamination reactions transfers an ______ to a _______. | amino group, keto acid |
| In (the)_____, keto acids are formed and ammonia | oxidative deamination |
| Which is more toxic, ammonia or urea? | Ammonia |
| There are ____essential amino acids in humans 8 9 10 11 | 9 |
| During transanimation reactions,______ is produced | pyruvate |
| Which molecule is an amino acid? Citrulline Arginine Arginosuccinate All of the above | All of the above |
| Cats that have a portosystemic shunt exhibit which characteristic? Vomiting Poor weight gain Seizures It can be some of the above or all of the above depending on the cat | It can be some of the above or all of the above depending on the cat |
| What is the vein called that flows to the liver, and sometimes can be shunted in cats? Vena cava Portal vein Azygos vein Systemic vein | Portal vein |
| Which is true about interventional radiology? less invasive than historic procedures It started to take off last 20-30 yrs Companies have started to develop technologically advanced devices and imaging modalities that make it possible. All | All |
| What is the purpose of interventional embolization with a device like a percutaneous coil embolization? | To allow partial and/or gradual attenuation of blood flow to the deprived liver. |
| The median survival rates for partial ligation (PL) were: <2 years ~3-4 years ~6 years ~10 years | ~3-4 years |
| If you ______ the portal pressure too much by plugging it up with coils, you can create a condition called acute portal hypertension, which is a _______ condition. | Raise, lethal |
| Cats that have portosystemic shunts always have _____________ colored irises. | Copper |
| There should be very little blood flow right after placing the coil. | False |
| There should always be a lot of blood flow after you place the coil. | False |
| There is typically very little blood flow initially, but it will increase dramatically after a few months as the coil mass generates a mature clot. | False |
| There is typically a lot of blood flow initially, but it will decrease dramatically after a few months as the coil mass generates a mature clot. | True |
| Which of the following is true about Lucy’s recovery? She woke up like nothing happened. She was discharged in 2 days with no post-operative complications. At 10 months she had normal blood work. All of the above. | All |
| Why is contrast used during percutaneous coil embolization makes everything more lubricated during procedure allows to see how blood flows within vessels reduce the risk of nephropathy block bloodflow from systemic circulation and direct it to liver. | It allows us to see how the blood flows within the vessels. |
| Why are there a lot of challenges and considerations using percutaneous transvenous coil embolization technology in cats? too small. isn’t any way to safely complete the procedure in cats Because they won’t sit still during procedure All | too small |
| What are the enzymes that are involved in transamination called | transaminases |
| Amino acid + alpha ketoglutarate ↔_______ + __________ | alpha keto acid + glutamate |
| _______ +____________ ↔alpha keto acid + glutamate | Amino acid + alpha ketoglutarate |
| What does oxidative deamination involve | catabolism of amino acids |
| What is catabolism of amino acids | Amino groups are removed from amino acids |
| What is formed during oxidative deamination | keto acids and ammonia |
| What does the urea cycle convert | Ammonia (NH3) to Urea |
| Where does the Urea cycle occur | liver cells and to some extent the kidney cells |
| If the cat is on a high protein diet and has a shunt present what builds up | amino acids |
| What is the role of glutamate | neurotransmitter involved in brain function |
| Is glutamate an essential or non-essential amino acid | non-essential |
| Cat could have a disturbance of its prosencephalon, due to a metabolic disorder such as | Hypoglycemia Hypoxia from inadequate cardiac outflow Hyperammonemia from liver dysfunction |
| What does normal blood glucose and cerebrospinal fluid rule out | hypoglycemia and inflammatory brain disease |
| Low blood urea nitrogen and albumin Increase in liver enzymes Serum bile acid concentrations and ammonia are increased These suggest what | Abnormal liver function |
| What is hepatic encephalophathy | excessive ammonia and other metabolites not being metabolized by the liver |
| What can hepatic encephalophathy cause | abnormal neuron function in CNS, especially the cerebrum. |
| What is a Portasystemic shunt | When one or several vessels connect the portal vein to caudal vena cava or azygos vein |
| What is IR (interventional radiology) | Image guided interventions that place devices or drugs through natural orifices or via percutaneous access |
| What is the goal of IHPSS | Divert portal blood flow back to the deprived liver |
| Which is rarely feasible in relation to IHPSS: acute or complete diversion | complete diversion |
| what are the two types of techniques used for IHPSS | extravascular and intravascular |
| What is the % of perioperative complications for PL (partial ligation) | 40-70% |
| What is the % of perioperative mortality for PL (partial ligation) | 13-28% |
| What is the median survival rate after a PL | 3-4 yrs |
| What is the % of perioperative complications for PCE (Percutaneous coil embolization) | 16% |
| What is the % of perioperative mortality for PCE (Percutaneous coil embolization) | 5% |
| What is the median survival rate after a PCE | 6 yrs |
| What % of cats will have congenital portosystemic shunts | 0.02-0.1% |
| What % of cats with congenital shunts have intrahepatic shunts | 10% |
| How many days after surgery was Lucy released | 2 days |
| Did Lucy have any post-operative complications | no |
| What does white matter consist of in the spinal cord | myelinated axons passing to and from the brain, or different segments of the spinal cord |
| What does grey matter consist of in the spinal cord | nerve cell bodies and interneurons |
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Kayla_K