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Chapter 4-Tissues
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Tissue | group of similar cells performing a special function and includes extracellular environment of cell. |
| avascular | made of cells so tightly packed that no blood vessels penetrate them |
| Epithelial | found in skin, body cavities, and organ linings. It forms glands |
| Covering and lining Epithelium | anchors skin, organs, and cavities |
| Simple squamous epithelium | flattened, single layer, centrally located nucleus. It is found where cells must be thin to allow materials to diffuse through and it lines blood vessel walls, lymphatic vessels, tiny capillaries, and air sacs of lungs and body cavity lining. |
| Simple cuboidal | cube shaped, single layer, Central nucleus, often has cilia or microvilli along free surface. It forms wall of small tubes or ducts that carry secretion and is found in kidneys, liver, and some glands. |
| Simple columnar | single layer, elongated cylindrical, nucleus located toward attachment. It secretes a lot so it has a lot of mitochondria and Golgi Apparatus. It's found in uterus and digestive organs. the microvilli in intestines aid in absorption of food particles. |
| Stratified Squamous | multi-layered, covers areas that have a lot of wear, flattened. outer layer of skin and all openings to the body to protect from abrasions |
| pseudostratified columnar epithelium | single layer, irregular shape and nucleus location. long cilia creates currents for mucus movement. found in trachea and bronchi |
| transitional epithelium | multi-layered, cube-like or irregular shape. can expand and recoil. bladder and ureters |
| glandular epithelium | closely packed and highly specialized to manufacture and secrete products |
| exocrine glands | empty their products into ducts which sends it to its place of need. sweat glands, oil glands, salivary glands, and some mucus glands. composed of more than 1 type of tissue so they're considered organs |
| endocrine glands | secretes products into extracellular area where they can get into bloodstream to be distributed. pituitary, thyroid, adrenal. they are organs and form endocrine system. |
| pituitary | base of brain |
| thyroid | neck |
| adrenal | top of kidneys |
| connective tissue | widely scattered throughout body. important for support and "glues" tissue and organs in place. |
| connective tissue proper | found throughout the body and has 3 types |
| loose connective | most widespread, fibers are loose, disorganized, and surrounded by fluid. located beneath skin, around blood vessels, and between muscles |
| macrophages | cushions organs, provides support without restricting movement, and is important during times of infection |
| adipose tissue | large, spherical cells containing fat. stores energy as fat, insulating padding between organs-shock absorber. amount depends on energy requirement. its deep under skin. exercise, nutrition, and hormones influence |
| dense connective tissue | packed tightly. is located between skeletal muscles and bone, between bone, covering of muscle and capsules for organs. provides firm attachment of muscles so they can pull stabilizes bones, prevent overexpansion of organs such as bladder |
| cartilage | very dense, firm with many protein fibers in matrix. 3 types in adults that differ in types of Fibers |
| hyaline | bluish, white in color. most abundant and weakest. trachea, larynx, bronchi, end of bones where joints move, between ribs and sternum, part of nasal septum. provides stiff but flexible support. found in skeletons of fetus and precedes bones in kids. |
| larynx | voice box |
| elastic | yellowish, firm but flexible. ears, end of nose, flap of larynx called epiglottis. provides support but tolerates distortion without damage and returns to original shape. |
| epiglottis | flap of larynx |
| Bone Connective Tissue | intercellular material is filled with mineral salts and collagenous fibers making hard and durable. 2 types |
| matrix | dense intercellular |
| osteocytes | bone cells lay within chamber called lacunae |
| lacunae | chamber that holds bone cells (osteocytes) |
| periosteum | membrane surrounding dense bones that nourish the osteocytes |
| Compact Bone | so densely packed, nourishment must be supplied to osteocytes through blood vessels that run through canals in bone called haversian canals |
| Fibrocartilage | solid but flexible. acts like a shock absorber |
| lamellae | hard matrix surrounding haversian canal. It forms concentric patterns around canals |
| canaliculi | tiny canals through the lamellae that allow nutrients to reach osteocytes |
| osteon | each individual canal with lamellae and osteocyte inside lacunae. they cement together to form compact bone |
| apongy bone | contains spaces making it very light. space contains red marrow. and is found in interior of bones |
| red marrow | blood forming tissue |
| muscle tissue | closely arranged cells with little intercellular material. specialized cells contain protein fibers that allow cells to shorten and contract |
| actin and myosin | fibers arranged in parallel bundles. during contraction A slides over the other and there is movement |
| skeletal muscle | attached to bone by tendons, found deep under skin, contracts voluntarily, cells are long and cylindrical with many nuclei on sides, unbranched and has light and dark bands called stations, fast contractions, stabilizes skeleton, |
| smooth muscle (visceral) | found in walls of blood vessels and visceral organs, contractions move materials food, urine, and reproductive fluids through organs, controls size of respiratory passageways and blood vessels, involuntary, slow contraction |
| visceral organs | stomach, intestines, bladder, and uterus |
| cardiac muscle | found in walls of heart, its coordinated contractions push blood out of heart and through body, involuntary, short, branched, cylindrical, single central nucleus, striated, cells connected by dics. |
| myocardin | walls of heart |
| nerve tissue | special properties that allow conductivity and excitability which gives us the ability to send and receive messages |
| neurons | conduct electrochemical signals quickly |
| neuralgia | maintains and support neurons by supplying nutrients to neurons and protection from infection |
| membranes | simplest combination of tissues, connective and epithelial tissues combined in a thin sheet accompanied by blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves, provide support and protection for body and helps transport substances |
| cutaneous | skin, made up of stratified squamous and dense connective, very thick relatively waterproof, and usually dry |
| serous | lines internal walls of thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities, covers most of those organs and binds them to each other and the cavity wall, epithelium secretes a watery fluid that provides lubrication for organs |
| pericardium | surrounds the heart |
| pleurae | covers each lung |
| peritoneum | abdominal cavity and organs |
| mucous | lines cavities that have access to the outside world like the digestive tract, respiratory tract, urinary tract, reproductive, and epithelium secretes mucus to trap foreign particles and remove |
| synovial | found in joints, loose connective tissue with no epithelial and some fat deposits, cell secretes clear water synovial fluid which lubricates opposing bones and nourishes cartilage. |
| cancer | 2nd leading cause of death in US (1:4 people will be afflicted) |
| tumor | overgrowth of cells that form tissue that is harmful to body. starts in a single cell that has DNA damaged |
| mutation | tumor starts in a single cell that has DNA damaged. most are caused by carcinogens |
| carcinogens | ultraviolet rays, x-rays, chemicals and virus) cause mutations |
| benign | grows slow and remains localized just pushing healthy cells aside usually can be surgically removed |
| malignant | grows rapidly and takes over surrounding tissue. gets into lymphatic system which sends it to distant sites in body. life threatening |
| metastasis | gets into lymphatic system and sends it to distant sites in body |
| carcinomas | epithelial tissue cancer. lung cancer and breast cancer |
| sarcoma | connective tissue cancer - bone cancer |
| lukemia | blood forming tissue- red marrow and lymph nodes ( spreads easily) |
| inflammation | response to damaged tissue. injured area is isolated from health tissue while damaged tissue and microorganisms are cleaned up |
| mast cells | in connective tissue release 2 chemicals: histamine and heparin which cause local blood vessels to dilate. this causes increased blood flow which causes the area to be warm, red, and swollen |
| regeneration | fibroblasts produce dense network of collagen fibers usually known as scar tissue epithelia connect tissue (except cartilage) and smooth muscle regenerate well, other muscles and neural don't regenerate well or at all. |
Created by:
cj422