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Bio. Wk 1/2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Biology | The scientific study of life. |
| Two Unifying Biological Themes | Structure determines function, and new properties emerge from interactions among components. |
| 7 Characteristics of Life | Order, energy processing, evolutionary adaptation, growth and development, regulation, reproduction, and response to the environment. |
| 5 Unifying Themes of Biology | Organization, Heritable Information, Energy and Matter, Interaction with the Environment, and Evolution. |
| 11 Levels of Biological Organization | Biosphere, Ecosystems, Communities, Populations, Organisms, Organs/Organ Systems, Tissues, Cells, Organelles, Molecules, and Atoms. |
| Cell | The fundamental unit of structure and function of living things. |
| Unicellular Organism | An organism consisting of a single cell that performs all necessary life functions (e.g., Bacteria, Archaea, Protists, Yeast). |
| DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) | The substance of genes and units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring. |
| Universal Genetic Code | All forms of life use essentially the same genetic code to translate genes into proteins. |
| Theme 3: Energy and Matter | Life requires the input of energy from the sun and the transformation of energy from one form to another. |
| Feedback Regulation | A process in which the output or product of a process regulates that very process. |
| Evolution | The scientific explanation for the unity and diversity of life, describing change in organisms over time. |
| Scientific Method | A systematic problem-solving approach to understand natural phenomena through observation, hypothesis, testing, and iteration. |
| Qualitative Data | Descriptive, non-numerical information (e.g., "I drink coffee every day"). |
| Quantitative Data | Numerical information that can be counted (discrete) or measured (continuous). |
| Hypothesis | A proposed explanation for a phenomenon that must be testable and falsifiable. |
| Falsifiable | The property that there must be a possible observation or experiment that could prove a hypothesis false. |
| Scientific Theory | A broad, well-tested explanation supported by a massive body of evidence that explains many observations. |
| Independent Variable | The factor or variable in an experiment that is manipulated or tested by the researcher (placed on the X-axis). |
| Dependent Variable | The measured response or outcome collected in an experiment (placed on the Y-axis). |
| Kaufman Owl-Mouse Experiment | Demonstrated that prey camouflage (coat color contrast with soil) and moonlight presence significantly affect owl predation rates. |
| Matter | Anything that takes up space and has mass. |
| Element | A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions. |
| Compound | A substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio. |
| 4 Essential Elements of Life | Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), and Nitrogen (N) make up ~96% of living matter. |
| Atom | The smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element. |
| Subatomic Particles | Protons (positive charge), Neutrons (neutral charge), and Electrons (negative charge). |
| Atomic Nucleus | The dense core at the center of an atom made of protons and neutrons. |
| Atomic Number | The number of protons in an atom's nucleus, unique to each element. |
| Mass Number | The total sum of protons plus neutrons in an atom's nucleus. |
| Calculation for Neutrons | Number of Neutrons = Mass Number minus Atomic Number. |
| Valence Shell | The outermost electron shell of an atom; unpaired valence electrons determine chemical reactivity. |
| Covalent Bond | A chemical bond formed when two atoms share a pair of valence electrons. |
| Electronegativity | The attraction of a particular atom for the shared electrons of a covalent bond. |
| Polar Covalent Bond | A covalent bond where electrons are shared unequally due to differences in electronegativity, creating partial charges. |
| Nonpolar Covalent Bond | A covalent bond where electrons are shared equally between atoms with similar electronegativities. |
| Ionic Bond | A chemical bond formed when one atom completely transfers an electron to a more electronegative atom. |
| Cation | A positively charged ion formed when an atom loses one or more electrons. |
| Anion | A negatively charged ion formed when an atom gains one or more electrons. |
| Hydrogen Bond | A weak attraction between a partially positive hydrogen atom of one polar molecule and a partially negative atom of another. |
| Unique States of Water | Water is the only common substance naturally existing in all three physical states: solid, liquid, and gas. |
| 4 Emergent Properties of Water | Cohesion/Adhesion, Temperature Moderation, Expansion Upon Freezing, and Solvent Versatility. |
| Cohesion | The attraction between like molecules, such as water molecules binding together via hydrogen bonds. |
| Adhesion | The clinging of one substance to another, such as water adhering to plant cell walls. |
| Specific Heat | The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 gram of a substance to change its temperature by 1°C. |
| Water's High Specific Heat | Water resists temperature changes because heat must first be absorbed to break hydrogen bonds before temperature rises. |
| Density of Ice | Ice floats because water expands as it freezes, forming a crystalline lattice that makes ice ~10% less dense than liquid water. |
| Solution | A liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. |
| Solute | The substance that is dissolved in a solution. |
| Solvent | The dissolving agent or liquid in a solution. |
| Aqueous Solution | A solution in which water is the solvent. |
| Hydration Shell | The sphere of water molecules that surrounds each dissolved ion in an aqueous solution. |
| Hydrophilic | Substances with an affinity for water, dominated by ionic or polar covalent bonds. |
| Hydrophobic | Substances that repel water, consisting of nonpolar covalent bonds (e.g., oils and fats). |
| Phospholipid Bilayer | A membrane structure composed of molecules with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, forming cell boundaries. |
Created by:
Cocoalover