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Patho L2 Cancer
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Neoplasm | Abnormal growth |
| What is the 2nd leading cause of death | CANCER |
| Tumor suppressor genes | Guard against cancer |
| Proto-oncogenes | Regulate cell growth |
| Immunocompetence | immune system should destroy abnormal cells with aging, immunocompetence declines |
| Epigenetics | Do not change DNA sequence Epigenetic mutations Transgenerational inheritance Epigenetic treatments or epi-drugs |
| Basic concepts of cancer | Cell cycle regulation Immunocompetence Tumor classification and staging Cancer genetics Role of viruses in cancer Stages of carcinogenesis |
| Types of cancer growth: | Metastasis and tumor angiogenesis Biomarkers Nomenclature used in neoplasia Paraneoplastic syndromes Cancer cachexia (extreme fatigue, weight loss) |
| Abnormal cell cycle Stages | G0, G1, G2, S, and M |
| Checkpoints within cycle | Repair, recycling, or apoptosis if needed Cancer cells do not checkpoint |
| Cancer cells disregard growth inhibition signals | Grow on top, around, beside other cells Cancer cells may break free |
| Cancer: Stages of Carcinogenesis | 1. Initiation 2. Promotion 3. Progression |
| Initiation | Alteration in a gene or genes |
| Promotion | Relatively lengthy and reversible Pre-neoplastic cells accumulate, process can be altered by chemopreventive agents |
| Progression | Phase between a premalignant lesion and the development of invasive cancer |
| What determines the success of cancer? | Metastasis and Tumor angiogenesis |
| Metastasis | Malignant cancers Movement of cancer cells from primary location to distant site Lymphatic or circulatory system |
| Tumor angiogenesis | Cancer cells need blood supply Secrete vascular endothelial growth factor |
| Cancer cells reveal themselves through | biomarkers Identify unique markers of cancer affecting patients Used to assign treatments, monitor process, evaluate prognosis Identified from biopsy of the cancer cells |
| Therapies | Biological, targeted, and immunotherapies work on cancers with specific biomarkers |
| Nevi | Noncancerous moles on the skin |
| Myoma | Muscle tumor |
| Adenocarcinoma | Cancer of the glandular or ductal tissue |
| Sarcoma | Has to do with CT |
| Osteoma | Tumor of bone |
| Chondroma | Tumor of cartilage |
| Benign tumors | – Well-differentiated; remain localized, cohesive, and well-demarcated from surrounding tissue |
| Malignant tumors | – Invasive and destructive to surrounding tissue – Cells easily metastasize |
| Differentiation | Extent neoplastic cells resemble normal cells |
| Anaplasia | Lack of differentiation |
| Tumor Staging (TNM) | Grade and stage Grade: 1, 2, 3 |
| T is for | tumor size |
| N is for | lymph node involvement |
| M is for | metastasis to distant organs |
| Paraneoplastic Syndrome | Unexpected pathology provoked by the presence of cancer Not due to cancer’s space-occupying or metastatic effects |
| Cancer cachexia | Progressive loss of body fat and lean body mass Profound weakness, unintentional weight loss, anemia |
| ****Specific sign and symptom: depends on cancer type General sign and symptom: Fatigue, weight loss Physical examination: palpate lymph nodes Diagnosis: Screening tests specific biomarkers, MRI, CT scan | |
| Surgery | highest cancer cure rate with solid, well-circumscribed tumors |
| Radiation | Destroys tumor cells |
| Chemotherapy | drugs destroy cells Collateral effect on healthy, rapidly multiplying cells Skin, hair, gastric, and bone marrow cells |
| ****Cancer Treatment: Immunotherapy AKA: biological cancer therapy Enhance the body’s immune response to cancer cells Cytokines ability to attack cancer Inhibit T-cell deactivation Antibodies to target cancer cell antigens |
Created by:
liladdoyle