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Patho L2 CH2

Patho L2

QuestionAnswer
Etiology the cause of something The beginnings and the reasons behind it
Etiologic agents Causes of the cell alteration or disease
***Characteristics changes with specific etiologic agents EX: Cold temperature causes frostbite, streptococcal bacteria causes sore throat
In response to an etiologic agent, cell may Develop adaptive, compensatory changes Develop maladaptive changes
Histology Microscopic study of tissue
Biopsy Sample for histological analysis
Autopsy Examination of tissue of deceased organisms
Pathognomic changes Unique, identifying disease presentations EX: Crate-like formation in stomach indicates ulcer
Atrophy Cells revert to smaller size EX: SMA
Hypertrophy Increase in individual cell size EX: Strength training
Physiological Cell enlargement with adequate supporting tissues EX: enlargement of cardiac cells with exercise training
Pathological Increase in cell size, without increase in support structures EX: enlargement of heart tissue due to hypertension
Hyperplasia Increase in number of cells Only in cells capable of mitosis Can result from hormonal stimulation EX: estrogen stimulates growth of breast cells in pregnancy
Hyperplasia may evolve into maladaptive compensation Cell number increases too much EX: keloid formation
Metaplasia Replacement of one cell type with another Genetic reprogramming
Dysplasia Deranged cellular growth Often a result of chronic inflammation or a precancerous condition Cells vary in size, shape, and organization compared with normal EX: Cervical dysplasia detected by PAP smear
Neoplasia When you make the jump from dysplasia to neoplasia New growth, disorganized, cancerous Often interchanged with the term tumor Neoplasms may be benign of malignant
Benign Cells resemble normal cells. Do not metastasize. Well-defined borders
Malignant Cells appear different from healthy cells. Poorly defined borders
Hypoxia Diminished oxygen to cells Most common cause of cell injury Due to ischemia, problems with RBCs, pulmonary issues Causes cells to enter anaerobic metabolism, lactic acid levels increase
Free radical injury Formed during aerobic metabolism AKA: REOs
REOs Contain unpaired electrons which interact with and disrupt plasma membrane Series of enzymes, superoxide dismutases Oxidative stress: protective mechanisms overwhelmed
Physical agents Example: lacerations, falls, temperature extremes, burns, electrical shock
Chemical injury Endogenous Exogenous End: Elevated ions; high blood glucose Exo: Drugs, pollutants, smoking
Infectious agents Bacteria Fungi Parasites
Injurious immunological reactions Autoimmune diseases Chronic inflammation
Nutritional imbalances Cells cannot function without proper amounts of macromolecules, vitamins, and minerals
Endothelium Cells that line interior of vessels Common agents of injury to endothelium Active tissue Injury may lead to atherosclerosis
Common agents of injury to endothelium Hypertension Hyperglycemia Free radicals Hyperlipidemia
Hypertension- Endothelial Injuries Stronger than normal shearing force Aneurysm Weakened area of arterial wall, may rupture
Diabetic hyperglycemia- Endothelial Injuries Glucose reacts with endothelium Advanced glycation end products form, which further damages the endothelium Endothelin, a potent vasoconstrictor, is released
Free Radicals- Endothelial Injuries Highly reactive oxidizing molecules which can injure the endothelium Cigarette smoking increases free radicals
Persistent angiotensin II secretion- Endothelial Injuries Potent vasoconstrictor, increases blood pressure force on endothelium Elevated with heart disease
Atherogenesis Formation of atherosclerotic plaque
Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C)- Endothelial Injuries Atherogenesis: Formation of atherosclerotic plaque Endothelial injury LDL-C deposition Foam cell and plaque formation
Cell degeneration Apoptosis
Programmed cell death Organized process that does not cause inflammation or adversely affect surrounding tissues Some diseases may be associated with apoptosis dysfunction EX: Prostate Cancer (decreased apoptosis) SMA: (increased apoptosis)
Necrosis cell death due irreversible process Membrane disintegrates, lysosomal activation and autolysis Initiates inflammatory reaction
Interventions to prevent permanent cell injury Transplantation of organ or healthy tissue Regenerative medicine using stem cells Human umbilical cord-mesenchymal stem cells (HUC-MSCs) Therapeutic cloning Reproductive cloning
Issues with transplantation of organ Issues: Short supply of tissues/organs Donor matching Transplant rejection
***Remember Hypoxia Our limit is short, >6 minutes before brain death
Created by: liladdoyle
 

 



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