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AP Psych 1
AP Psych
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cultural norms | The shared rules and expectations for how people in a culture should behave |
| Confirmation bias | The tendency to look for information that supports what you already believe. |
| Hindsight bias | The tendency to believe, after something happens, that you knew it would happen all along. |
| Overconfidence | The tendency to be more confident in your knowledge or abilities than is reasonable |
| Independent variable | The variable that a researcher changes or controls to see its effect. |
| Confounding variable | An outside factor that could affect the results of an experiment and make it unclear what caused the outcome. |
| Dependent variable | The variable that is measured to see if it was affected by the independent variable. |
| Random assignment | Putting participants into different experimental groups by chance |
| Case study | An in-depth study of one person, group, or situation. |
| Correlation | A relationship between two variables; when one changes, the other tends to change too. |
| Positive correlation | Two variables move in the same direction: as one increases, the other tends to increase |
| Negative correlation | Two variables move in opposite directions: as one increases, the other tends to decrease. |
| Meta-analysis | A study that combines the results of many different studies to find an overall conclusion. |
| Naturalistic observation | Observing and recording behavior in its natural environment without interfering. |
| Hypothesis | A testable prediction about how two or more variables are related. |
| Falsifiable | A hypothesis must be able to be proven wrong through testing or observation. |
| Operational definitions | Specific, measurable definitions of the variables used in a study. |
| Replication | Repeating a study to see if the same results can be found again. |
| Central tendency | A measure that describes the typical or center of a set of data. |
| Variation | How much the scores in a data set differ from one another. |
| Percentile rank | The percentage of scores that are at or below a particular score. |
| Mean | The average: add all scores and divide by the number of scores. |
| Median | The middle score when the numbers are put in order. |
| Mode | The score that occurs most often. |
| Range | The difference between the highest and lowest scores. |
| Normal curve | A bell-shaped distribution where most scores are near the middle and fewer are at the extremes. |
| Positive skew | A distribution with a long tail toward the right (higher scores). |
| Negative skew | A distribution with a long tail toward the left (lower scores). |
| Bimodal distribution | A distribution with two distinct peaks, often showing two groups in the data. |
| Standard deviation | A measure of how much scores typically spread out from the mean. |
| Regression toward the mean | The tendency for unusually high or low scores to become closer to average when measured again. |
| Sample | The smaller group of people actually studied in research. |
| Population | The entire group that a researcher wants to learn about. |