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Metabolism/Thermo
Unit 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Metabolism | ALL chemical rxns in cells (build, break down, or transform mcs & transfer E) -property of life arising from interactions between mcs within cells -2 types: catabolic, anabolic -water (main component of cells) provides an aq environment for these rxn |
| catabolic pathways | release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds |
| anabolic pathways | consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones |
| inorganic ions: role in metabolic rxns | they help metabolic rxns by acting as enzyme co-factors or by transferring electrons |
| Turgor | the pressure of water inside a plant cell pushing against the cell wall -water enters the cell & it swells, cell membrane pushes outwards against cell wall creating turgor pressure -high turgor = firm/upright plant -low turgor = wilted plant |
| universal solvent | water -metabolic reactions occur in it |
| Why is life carbon-based | -abundant -four valence electrons available to form up to four covalent bonds with other atoms -readily forms polymers -can bond with H O N P S creating many different structures |
| bioluminescence | -the conversion of E to light -a living cell is a miniature chemical factory where thousands of reactions occur The cell extracts energy and applies energy to perform work |
| Cellular respiration | -catabolic pathway -the breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen |
| the synthesis of protein from amino acid is an example what what type of metabolic reaction | anabolism |
| define energy | the capacity to cause change |
| kinetic energy | energy associated with motion |
| heat | thermal energy -kinetic energy associated with random movement of atoms or molecules |
| potential energy | energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure |
| chemical energy | potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction |
| Thermodynamics | the study of energy transformation (energy can be converted from one form to the other) |
| isolated system | isolated from its surroundings |
| open system | energy & matter can be transferred between the system & its surroundings -organisms are open systems |
| First law of thermodynamics | -energy of the universe is constant -Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed AKA the principle of conservation of energy |
| Second law of thermodynamics | During every energy transfer or transformation, some energy is unusable, and is often lost as heat unusable energy = E that can't efficiently capture & use to do work (moving randomly in several directions making it harder for the cell to harness) |
| apart from water, what is the key component in cells | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen |
| How to determine the number of water mcs produced in the dehydration sytnhesis of polypeptide chains | (n−1) where n = the number of amino acids -given multiple chains, find the number for each and add them |
| Spontaneous processes | reactions that occur without energy input; they can happen quickly or slowly (thermodynamically favorable but with a large activation E) -free E decreases (ΔG < 0) - system becomes more stable, released free E is harnessed to do work |
| how do living cells convert E | living cells convert organized forms of E to heat -when cells use E (like ATP) to do work, some E inevitably becomes heat, which is less useful for doing cellular work |
| What does a higher free energy (G) mean? | -less stable -lots of PE (greater potential release free E) -moving towards a lower G state, released E can be used to do work (greater work capacity) |
| What does a negative free energy (G) mean? | -more stable -less potential E -less free energy available to release |
| What does a G of zero mean? | Equilibrium no net free-energy change |
| What is deltaG | -free E decreases & stability of a system increases -tells you the change in G, not how high G is by itself -negative (final -initial < 0) = system went from higher to lower G, releasing E - spontaneous rxn |
| Exergonic rxn | proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous -negative |
| Endergonic rxn | energy required, absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is nonspontaneous -positive |
| Free Energy | energy that can do work -G -amount of usable E associated with a state of a system |
| --Themic VS --gonic | thermic = heat (enthalpy change) gonic = free energy (delta G) |
| open VS closed system | open: matter & energy can enter or leave closed: energy can leave or enter, but matter can not |
| Three main kinds of work carried out by cells | Chemical Transport Mechanical -powered by the hydrolysis of ATP |
| energy coupling | - use of exergonic process to drive an endergonic one (the E released by the energonic provides the E needed for the endergonic) -ATP hydrolysis is an exergonic process that drives endergonic rxn in cells (overall rxn is expergonic) |
| Adenosine Triphosphate | -small mcs cells use as main immediate E source -adenine + ribose sugar + 3 phosphate groups -made of nucleotides (related to nucleic acids) -energy carrier of cell |
| How is energy released using ATP | ATP hydrolysis -removing terminal P group (one farthest from ribose) -ATP + H2O --> ADP + Pi + energy pi = inorganic phosphate -E used for active transport, movement, building muscles -rxn produces products more stable/lower in free E than ATP |
| How is energy stored using ADP | -ADP + phosphate --> ATP + water -the energy from cellular respiration and photosynthesis are used to make ATP -ADP = adenosine diphosphate |
| phosphorylation | -how ATP drives endergonic rxns -adding a phosphate group (PO4 3-) to a mc (such as a reactant) making it more reactive or higher in free energy |
| Regeneration of ATP | ATP is renewable: regenerated by adding a phosphate group to ADP - E to phosphorylate ADP comes from catabolic rxns in the cell -ATP cycle --> energy is transfered from catabolic to anabolic pathways |
| metabolic pathway | series of chemical rxns in a cell where the prodict of one rxn becomes the reactant of the next one reactant --> intermediates --> final products Each step is catalyzed or controlled by a specific enzyme |
| Specific location of enzymes within the cell | Some enzymes act as structural components of membranes In eukaryotic cells, some enzymes reside in specific organelles; for example, enzymes for cellular respiration are located in mitochondria |
| free energy of activation | initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction AE is supplied in thermal E that reactant mcs absorb from their surroundings |
| Every chemical reactions involves.. | bonds breaking and bonds forming |
Created by:
Blessed Rectangle 11