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SA Nursing1111 Wk2
Animal Behavior
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| List common problem behaviors exhibited by normal animals | Urine marking is a normal behavior of dogs and cats. Depositing urine, feces, and anal sac secretions is unpalatable to humans but normal for animals. Destructive behavior, to a certain extent, is normal. Dogs will choose to engage in ripping, shredding |
| What is frequently used to reward a pet when teaching them a new behavior? | food, toy, praise |
| What is “desensitization” and how does it work? | Method to develop a nonresponse or favorable response to a particular stimulus. Occurs over time to a particular stimulus by gradually exposing animal to the stimulus and carefully controlling the intensity. The learner can be taught to decrease response. |
| What is meant by “habituation” when dealing with animals? | Type of conditioning in which the learner's response to the same stimulus decreases in intensity over time. Exposes the animal to a stim w/o controlling the intensity, but the brain determines that the stim is unimportant. • Opposite of Sensitization |
| List some commonly performed procedures that are often times made easier when a pet owner works with the pet on habituation. | Nail trims, ear cleaning, bathing, Physical exams/touch |
| Explain the difference between “reinforcement” and “punishment” and give an example of each. | Reinforcement ↑ future frequency and Punishment ↓ future frequency Receiving food after "X" will increase likelihood of repeating "X" for food. Receiving pain (swat/choke) after "X" will decrease likelihood of repeating "X" and receiving pain again |
| Define “positive reinforcement” and “negative reinforcement” and give an example of each. | +R adds a consequence (food,praise) that ↑ "X" over time -R removes consequence (pain/choke) that ↑ "X" - works in conjunction with +P b/c something is 1st added for animal to work toward avoiding |
| What is “negative punishment”? | -P decreases "X" over time by removing (neg) something from the situation, usually something the animal wants. Ex. Walking away (removing self/attention) from a jumping dog |
| What is “positive punishment” and why is it not appropriate for a veterinary setting? | +P adds something to ↓ "X" Welfare concerns, Consequence must be so unpleasant, learner actively avoids it May connect the +P w/ the person or item delivering it, developing a fear rather than extinction Must be timely and consistent every time, 1s |
| What are the ABC’s of Behavior? What is A? B? C? | Applied Behavior Analysis (ABC) model determines animal's motivation for "X" What + outcome drives "X" & provides desirable alternative A - Antecedent B - Behavior C - Consequence |
| List and briefly describe the 4 main categories of pet behavior professionals. | •DACVB: Diplomat of the American College of Veterinary Behavior-DVM specialist in behavior •CAAB: Certified Applied Animal Behaviorist- PhD in Applied Animal Behavior (not a DVM) •AAB: Applied Animal Behaviorist - Master's in Applied Animal Behavior • |
| Which of these professionals can diagnose and prescribe medications for behavioral problems? | Only a DACVB as a DVM can diagnose and prescribe meds for behavioral problems |
| Goal of Desensitization | Goal is to is to develop a nonresponse. Should be paired with classical and/or counterconditioning to elicit a desired response. |
| Operant conditioning Consequences | Reinforcement: anything that increases future frequency Punishment: anything that decreases future frequency |
| / | |
| /Affiliative behaviors | friendly, peaceful actions that build, repair, and maintain social bonds between individuals (in a group) Any activity that builds or creates unity in a group |
| /Aggression in cats | •Threatening or harmful behavior directed toward another individual (a person, another cat or other animals) •Form of communication that is normal behavior •Can be a req for distance, defend resource, play •Second most common feline behavior problem |
| /AAB | Applied Animal Behaviorist - has a Master's degree in animal behavior - no Phd/DVM |
| /Antecedent | The "A" in ABC of Applied Behavior Analysis model. Antecedents are stimuli that precede the unwanted behavior |
| /Anxiety | A demonstration of a feeling of uneasiness, apprehension or dread. Involves activation of the autonomic nervous system w/ an ↑ in HR, RR & muscle tension. Increases the probability of operant behavior involving escape or avoidance responses. |
| /Backward conditioning, EX. tolerating touch | Begin food food first (consequence) - food predicts touch Start touch - food can mask fear/difficult to observe body language/pt is uncomfortable - b/c food is high value End food and touch Fast to perform, good for short procedures |
| /Behavior | The "B" in ABC of Applied Behavior Analysis model. Behavior is what the animal actual does |
| /Body language | The primary language our animal patients use to communicate with one another and with us. Body language cues have meaning and function. |
| /Classical conditioning | Classical conditioning occurs when a learner associates a previously meaningless stimulus with one that already evokes a response |
| /Conflict-related aggression | |
| /Consequence | The "C" in ABC of Applied Behavior Analysis model. Consequences follow behavior and drive future behavioral decisions |
| /Considerate approach | Considerate Approach concept encompasses “the interaction between the veterinary team and the patients and inputs from the environment while veterinary care is being administered.” |
| /Conspecific | Conspecifics are individual organisms that belong to the same biological species |
| /Counterconditioning | Counterconditioning is an interventional technique to replace an existing conditioned response |
| /Diplomate of the American College of Veterinary Behaviorists | DACVB - DVM who completed a formal residency and passed a rigorous examination process, similar to veterinarians who have completed specialties in other areas. |
| /Delay conditioning | Begin touch first Begin food End touch and food Creates very strong responses, good for longer or repeat procedures |
| /Desensitization | Gradually introducing a stimulus to a learner such that the learner does not respond to it The goal of desensitization is to develop a nonresponse or a favorable response in an animal to a particular stimulu |
| /Diagnosis | A name given to a disease so that each veterinarian means the same syndrome as every other veterinarian . may be the name of the disease w/ a specific etiology or a description of the morphological identity of the disease |
| /Distraction/Backward Conditioning | Begins with food or other distraction Predicts the touch (stimulus?antecedent?) |
| /Emotional medical record | should include what the animal prefers for distractions, the best location to work with this animal, if there is a provider preference, and specific handling notes and responses for each visit. |
| /FAS | FAS for Fear, Anxiety, and Stress. The FAS score is a numeric value assigned to the patient’s level of fear, anxiety, and stress. |
| /FearFear-related aggression | |
| /Fear Free TM | A certification program that strives to provide the highest quality veterinary medical care by protecting the emotional welfare of the patient |
| /Gentle control | •Distractions• Stabilization, rather than restraint• Pt made to feel secure—no slipping, etc• Pt gently kept in place with attn paid to all 6 directions (↑,↓,←,→, fwd, back)•preventing harm to the pet and the vet team• A plan to stop if the FAS rapidly↑ |
| /CAAB | •Certified Applied Animal Behaviorist •Someone who has a PhD in Applied Animal Behavior •Certification, no DVM |
| /Habituation | Habituation is a type of conditioning, in which the learner’s response to the same stimulus decreases in intensity over time |
| /Negative punishment | Decreasing a behavior over time by removing something from the situation is called negative punishment general, negative punishment removes something the learner wants, so through trial and error the learner realizes that its behavior does not achieve a |
| /Negative reinforcement | Negative reinforcement is the removal of something to increase the likelihood that a particular behavior will happen again |
| /Operant conditioning | •A form of learning where consequences drive future behavior •Animal makes choice & choice leads to consequence. •Learner is exposed to "X" Each exposure will lead to a consequence from the animal’s pov. Nature of consequence influences future choices |
| /Play-related aggression | Aggression in the form of chasing, barking, biting, scratching, and physical contact is normal play. Used to gain coordination & learn social communication w/ conspecifics during youth |
| /Pheromones | Substance secreted outside the body & perceived by smell by others of the same species, releasing specific behavior in the percipient. Useful in commercial products for managing inapp. urine/spraying, anxiety and aggression |
| /Positive punishment | •Positive punishment means adding something to the situation to decrease a behavior in the future •Not appropriate in the veterinary setting |
| /Positive reinforcement | •If something is added to the situation after a behavior and the behavior strengthens over time, positive reinforcement •Some of the most common tools used for positive reinforcement training in the veterinary hospital are food treats |
| /Punishment | Anything that decreases the future frequency, intensity, or duration of the behavior |
| /Reinforcement | Anything that increases the future frequency, intensity, or duration of the behavior. |
| /Repetitive behavior | in horses usually due to confinement |
| /Sensitization | Sensitization occurs when the animal develops a stronger response over time to the same stimulus. Exposes the animal to the stim w/o controlling the intensity. Attempts at habituation can result in sensitization. |
| /Simultaneous conditioning - EX. tolerating touch | Touch is paired simultaneously with food and both are stopped at the same time. May result in fear of food instead of liking touch Good for short procedures. Creates a strong response |
| /Socialization | Process of familiarization btwn animals in a group, & btwn the animal & humans An opportunity to teach young animals that people, animals, & experiences they encounter later in life are safe & enjoyable. & should be positive, pleasant, & protected |
| /Stress | The sum of the biological rxns to any adverse stimulus, physical, mental, or emotional, internal or external that tends to disturb the homeostasis of the organism. Also refers to the stimuli that elicit these rxn. May lead to disease states. |
| /Touch Gradient | •A method of touching animals in a systematic and sensitive way to decrease fear, anxiety, and stress during handling •Maintaining continuous hands-on contact •Acclimating pt to increasing levels of touch intesity |
| /Trace conditioning | A type of conditioning that pairs touch with food to develop a strong response over multiple short trials |
| /Unwanted behaviors | The most common unwanted behaviors described by cat and dog owners who surrender their pets to shelters are unwanted elimination , destructive behavior, and aggression |
| /Unwanted elimination in cats | The single most commonly described objectionable behavior. Early dx, treatment, and behavior modification help improve the prognosis for unwanted elimination. The longer the unwanted elimination persists, the more difficult it can be to change |
| / Veterinary Technician Specialists | VTSs) in Behavior have also completed advanced continuing education and have demonstrated extensive knowledge and skill by passing a stringent professional examination that is administered by the Academy of Veterinary Behavior Nurses |
| Happy Visits | •Happy visits involve visiting the hospital; receiving treats, toys, tactile in the parking lot, lobby, and exam room; and leaving. No medical care nor simulated medical care is administered |
| Victory Visits | •Victory visits involve scheduling time for the patient to visit the hospital for specific training to accustom the animal to veterinary and husbandry procedures |
| Behavior modification and mangament | •Behavior Modification involves combo of management and active behavior change (conditioning/training) •Management means controlling the animal’s environment and experiences to prevent an unwanted behavior. |
| Unwanted Elimination in dogs | Housetraining a dog requires investment of time. Puppies are not fully housetrained until they have gone 12 consecutive weeks without eliminating in unwanted locations. Most puppies are not physically capable of meeting this benchmark until age 6 months. |
| House training dogs | •four factors: realistic expectations; management, supervision, and training; forming good habits; and being consistent. •the dog should be taken out after sleeping, eating, drinking, and high-energy activity periods, such as play sessions |
| / | |
| 1. Why should dog owners be discouraged from dominating their pet by using scruff shakes, alpha rolls, and physical intimidation? | +P and/or physical manipulation such as these have been shown to avoid the situation (rather than learn what TO DO) or show aggressive behaviors |
| 2. What is the cause of most growling / biting type problem behaviors in dogs? | |
| 3. List some important things to do with a puppy/dog presented to the clinic to decrease the fear associated with the visit. | |
| / | |
| 4. What can you suggest to a client whose dog jumps up on people? | |
| 5. What can you suggest to a client whose dog strains at the leash? | |
| 6. Define and describe Separation Anxiety. | |
| 7. Why is it important to know the age of the animal when aggressive behavior first began? | |
| 8. Define and describe Cognitive Dysfunction in dogs and cats. | |
| 9. Define and describe aggression: Offensive aggression; Defensive aggression | |
| 10. List and understand some things that can cause aggressive behavior. | |
| / | |
| 11. What do dogs use to signal their intentions / feelings to others? | |
| 12. When assessing a dog’s behavior, can you identify his / her mood based on looking at one aspect its body? | |
| / | |
| 13. Can a fearful dog show aggression? | |
| 14. How should you handle a fearful dog? | |
| / | |
| 1. What is a socialization period? | A time of mental flexibility when animals learn who their primary social partners are, navigate social interaction, +/- in the environment, and how to respond to potential threats. Brain is most elastic these times Learning what is safe & what is feared |
| 2. At what age does the first socialization period begin? | Kittens 2-7 weeks Puppies 3-16 weeks |
| 3. What is the juvenile period? | Dogs & cats, from end of socialization period until sexual maturity. Maturity for dogs at 5-18months and for cats at 4-10 months |
| 4. What are fear periods? What do they occur? | In juvenile periods, dogs may become more easily frightened w/ prolonged recovery times from fearful experiences. Most dogs will mature through, but may need behavior mod referral Cats may show avoidance of humans age 8-10 wks but gen. resolves on own |
| 5. At what age do kittens begin to eat solid food and begin to use the litter box? | |
| 6. What do you think is one of the most common complaints that cat owners have? | Inappropriate eliminations, Aggression |
| 7. List some reasons why cats urinate and defecate outside the litter box. | Litter preference, LB size & cleanliness, stress, competition for resources, inadequate mental and physical exercise |
| 8. What are some medical disorders that can result in a cat not using a litter box? | Bladder infections/stones/(tumors, uncommon but poss. in older cats) Arthritis Constipation Conditions leading pu/pd like Diabetes Feline idiopathic cystitis - physical manifestation of anxiety where cat elims. inappropriately Block toms |
| 9. If a cat continues with inappropriate urination after the owner has changed the litter and litter box type, placement, cleanliness, etc., what diagnostics tests should be performed? | blood work → diabetes U/A → UTI PE/rads → arthritis u/s → bladder stone/tumor stress assessment → idiopathic |
| / | |
| 11. What are signs of an offensive posture in cats? | Stiff legged stance Raised rear end with sloped back/downward head Stiff, lowered tail Direct stare Upright, rotated forward ears Piloerection Constricted pupils Direct facing/moving forward Growl/howl/yowling |
| 12. What are signs of a defensive posture in cats? | Crouching Head tucked Wide eyes, dilated pupils Flattened ears Piloerection Anxious = retracted whiskers Fearful = whiskers pan out/forward Turn sideways/not straight on Hissing/spitting Quick strikes w/ front paws, claws out |
| 13. What are signs of overt aggression in cats? | Overt aggression can be offensive or defensive Swatting, striking with paws Biting Fighting Growling, shrieking Scratching Preparing an all-out attack by rolling onto side or back exposing teeth and claws Attempting to grab hand to bite |
| 14. What medical conditions may contribute to a cat becoming aggressive? | Toxoplasmosis Hyperthyroidism Epilepsy Abscesses Arthritis Dental Disease Rabies Trauma Sensory decline Cognitive dysfunction |
| 5 Classes of aggressive behaviors in cats. | |
| •Feline Fearful / Defensive Aggression | Occurs when a cat perceives a threat and escalates if it cannot escape |
| •Feline Redirected Aggression | Common type of feline aggression, most dangerous due to uninhibited attacks Occurs when a cat is aggressively aroused and agitated and cannot get to the trigger of agitation. Can occur hours later and seem unprovoked |
| •Feline Petting-Induced Aggression | Occurs when a cat suddenly feels irritated by being petted. Usually nips or lightly bites and runs off More common in males |
| •Feline Pain induced / Irritable Aggression | Triggered by pain, frustration or deprivation. Can be directed toward people, animals, and objects Body posture is usually defensive Can be triggered by painful punishment, which is not effective in changing cat behavior anyway |
| •Feline Idiopathic Aggression | Aggression that can't be determined thru behavior history or medical exam Attack their owners violently, bite repeatedly & remain in aroused state for long periods Redirected aggression must be R/O Dangerous & QOL & safety of others must be considered |
| •Feline Territorial, Play, Maternal, and Predatory Aggression | Other types of feline aggression |
| Characteristics/Posture of Fearful/Scared | Combo of defensive & aggressive signals D = crouching, flat ears, tucked tail, lean/roll away, pupil dilation A = hissing, spitting, piloerection, growling, swatting, biting, scratching |
| Characteristics/Posture of Dominant Dogs | Standing tall, sometimes on tiptoes, to look larger Arches neck Appears tense like a coiled spring Ears are up and forward Tail high and rigid, sometimes flagging or quivering +/- Piloerection Direct eye contact May growl but mouth will be closed |
| Characteristics/Posture of Submissive Dogs | Hunches/gets low to ground to appear small Tail is low or tucked, +/- rapidly wagging Ears flat or held off to the side of head Neck low Muzzle turned up toward other individual Nuzzle, lick or flick tongue Averts gaze Some esp. puppies urinate |
| / | |
| Four Stages of Early Canine Development | Neonatal Transition Socialization Juvenile |
| Age and Characteristics of Neonatal (K9) | |
| Age and Characteristics of Transition (K9) | |
| Age and Characteristics of Socialization (K9) | |
| Age and Characteristics of Juvenile(K9) | |
| / | |
| Signs of Stress in cats | •Restlessness, distraction, agitation •Listlessness, unusual passivity •Defensive vocalizations •Excessive shedding •Biting •Inappropriate urination / defecation •Clinging behavior •Hiding and refusing to interact with humans or other animals |
Created by:
shawamber