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AP PSYCH
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Nurture | Relative contributions that experience has on psychological traits and behavior |
| Nature | relative contributions that genes have on traits and behavior |
| Evolutionary Perspective | The study of evolutionary /evolution and behavior and mid, using natural selection |
| Natural selection | The principle that the inherited traits enabling organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment |
| Eugenics | Selectively breeding humans |
| Twin Studies | |
| Adoption studies | |
| Family studies | |
| Central nervous system | Contains brain and the spinal cord and interacts with all the processes in the body. |
| Peripheral nervous system | The sensory and motor neuron that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the SNS. |
| Autonomic | Part of the nervous system that controls the gland and muscles has parasympathetic and sympathetic - sympathetic: raises blood sugar and cools the body |
| Somatic | The division of the peripheral nervous system that contains the skelatal muscle and controls voluntary movement |
| Neurons | A nerve cell of the building block of the nervous system and it transmits information |
| Glial cells | Known as glue cells and is that supports nourishment and protects neurons, they play a role in learning, thinking, and memory. |
| Reflex arc | The spinal cord and basically demonstrate how neurons in CNS and PNS work together to respond to stimuli, sensor, motor, and and interneuron network. |
| Types of Neurons | Sensory neurons - afferent and they carry information from sense to CNS, motor neurons - efferent CNS to muscles and glands, interneurons - neurons with in brain /spinal cord process information between sensory motor/sensory neurons. |
| Neural transmission | The process by which neurons communicate with each other |
| All-or-nothing | Exceed minimum threshold, the transmitting impulse does not occur there is no weak firing it just happens or not. |
| Depolarization | Makes the outer membrane charge difference less negative |
| Refractory Period | A time when a new action potential is impossible, no matter how strong the stimulus is.a brief time after an action potential begins when a cell cannot fire another signal or needs a much stronger stimulus to do so |
| Resting potential | Balanced state of the neuron |
| Reuptake | the process where a neuron reabsorbs its own released neurotransmitters after they have sent a message |
| Threshold | The level needed to send/trigger an impulse |
| Multiple Sclerosis | a brain and spinal cord disease (CNS). It harms the protective coating of nerve cells. This damage slows or blocks messages between your brain and body, leading to issues with vision, balance, and muscle strengt |
| Myasthenia gravis | The immune system mistakenly produces antibodies that block, alter, or destroy receptor sites for acetylcholine (a chemical messenger) at the neuromuscular junction and causes weak swallowing, weak arms, slurred. |
| Neurotransmitters | Chemical messengers that travel across the synapse or nerve junction. |
| Excitatory vs. inhibitory messages | Excitatory signals trigger action, while inhibitory signals depressions |
| Adrenaline | Released by adrenal glands/stress and fear which helps with fight or flight. |
| Leptin | Plays a crucial role in regulating body weight, appetite, feeling full, and energy balance |
| Ghrelin | Crucial regulation in appetite and food intake |
| Melatonin | Sleep/wake cycles |
| Oxytocin | Maternal bonding and can lower stress. |
| Psychoactive drugs | Chemicals that enter the nervous system directly impact the brain and how our mind works, overall altering the ability to think, feel, and act. |
| Agonists | Mimic neurotransmitters by binding to receptor sites, for example Albuterol mimicing norepinephrine |
| Antagonist | Block receptor sites; block dopamine through nerves, increased about of dopamine may lead to schizophrenia. |
| Reuptake inhibitors | Stop/slow process for reuptake allow an increased amount of neurotransmitters which increased the impact and send part message. |
| Depressants | Slow and decrease the body's function: alcohol, barbiturates, and benzodiapines (anti-anxiety) |
| Stimulants | Increase, excite, and speed up the body's function which often boosts moods. Includes Caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, and methamphetamine harder to overdose. |
| Hallucinogens | Substances that distort perception: Marijuana and LSD which the psychoactive compound is THC, is lab group and synthetic, and elicits panic distortion, |
| Opioids | Substances that mimic endorphins proving pain relief like morphine and heroine,. |
| Tolerance | Continued and repeated use so larger doses are needed to get the same result. |
| Addictions | A compulsive drive to use a substance or do a behavior (psychological and mental ) |
| Withdrawl | Physical discomfort or distress that happens when someone stops taking a substance |
| Brain Stem | |
| Medulla | |
| Reticular Activating system | |
| Cerebellum | |
| Cerebral cortex | |
| Limbic system | |
| Thalamus | |
| Hypothalamus | |
| Pituitary Gland | |
| Hippocampus | |
| Amygdala | |
| Occipital lobe | |
| Temporal lobe | |
| Parietal lobe | |
| association area | |
| somatosensory cortex | |
| frontal lobe | |
| prefrontal cortex | |
| motor cortex | |
| brocas area (aphasia) | |
| split brain research | |
| corpus callosum | |
| lesioning | |
| contralateral hemispheric organization | |
| Brain plasticity | |
| EEG | |
| fMRI | |
| Left hemisphere | |
| right hemisphere |
Created by:
nuhaSalim