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9 - World History
French Revolution and its Causes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Louis XVI | Forced to leave Versailles in 1789, tried to escape France in 1791; was the last king of France whose indecisive leadership and financial crises sparked the French Revolution, ending in his execution by guillotine on January 21, 1793 |
| Estates General | was a general assembly called by King Louis XVI on May 5, 1789, to solve a severe national financial crisis, marking the official start of the French Revolution. |
| Three Estate System | a social hierarchy in France before the French Revolution that divided the population into three distinct classes, each with different rights, tax burdens, and privileges |
| Storming of the Bastille | July 1789 – This was the first violent act of the revolution; freed political prisoners/seized weapons; citizens stormed the gate. |
| Tennis Court Oath | We agree to never separate, and to meet wherever circumstances demand, until the constitution of the kingdom is established and affirmed on solid foundations. |
| National Assembly | was a revolutionary assembly formed by the representatives of the Third Estate (the common people) on June 17, 1789, marking the start of the French Revolution |
| Declaration of the Rights of Man | August 1789 – Document issued by the National Assembly that guaranteed French Citizens: Natural Rights, Religious Freedom, and Freedom of Speech. |
| Jacobins | took control of France; part of a radical group; executed for treason |
| Maximilien Robespierre | was a French lawyer and stateman; abolished Atlantic slave trade; also campaigned for voting rights of all men; executed for treason. |
| Reign of Terror | Time period during F/R in which many people who were perceived as enemies were executed |
| Committee of Public Safety | was a de facto wartime government created during the French Revolution to protect the new republic from foreign and domestic enemies |
| Guillotine | used to cut off the heads for executions |
| The Directory | New constitution is drafted in 1795; it is in charge of the French government, Separation of Powers: Executive branch = 5 members, Legislative branch = elected representatives; brought stability to France. |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | born in Corsica, did not take sides during the revolution; his military successes won over the people; he overthrew the Directory and named himself Emperor. |
| Continental System | was a large trade embargo set up by Napoleon Bonaparte from 1806 to 1814 to ruin the economy of Great Britain |
| Battle of Trafalgar | was a major naval fight on October 21, 1805, where the British Royal Navy defeated the combined fleets of France and Spain |
| Napoleon’s Invasion of Russia | in 1812 was a catastrophic military campaign that destroyed his Grande Armée and marked the turning point of the Napoleonic Wars |
| Battle of the Nations | also known as the Battle of Leipzig, was fought from October 16 to 19, 1813. It was the largest battle of the Napoleonic Wars, marking a decisive defeat for French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte by the armies of the Sixth Coalition |
| Battle of Waterloo | on June 18, 1815, was the final defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte. It ended the Napoleonic Wars and the turbulent era that began with the French Revolution in 1789 |
| Congress of Vienna | an international assembly of European leaders held from September 1814 to June 1815 to reorganize the continent after the upheaval of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars |
| Concert of Europe | a conservative political system created in 1815 to undo the spread of liberalism and maintain peace after the upheaval of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars |
| Napoleonic Code | - is the French civil code enacted on March 21, 1804, that created a unified legal system and preserved key social gains of the French Revolution |
| American Revolution heavily influenced the French Revolution | by spreading Enlightenment ideals of liberty and popular sovereignty, while also creating a severe financial crisis in France that sparked the domestic uprising |
| Haitian Revolution | (1791–1804) was directly inspired by the ideals of the French Revolution, but it ultimately radicalized those ideals by applying "liberty, equality, and fraternity" to all people, including enslaved Africans |
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SummitHS