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psych chap 1 concept
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Population | The total group of individuals or subjects to be studied. |
| Sample | A portion of the total to be used in research |
| Random Sample | Each person has an equal chance. Issues: generalizability. |
| Naturalistic | Watching and recording the behavior of organisms in their natural habitat. |
| Naturalistic pros | We get very natural behavior-not changed or manipulated. |
| Naturalistic cons | Tell us what but not why. Very time consuming Observer does not have a lot of control over Observer bias |
| Case Study | Intensive, in depth study of one individual or a small group. |
| Case Study pros | Great information- Lots of conclusions about the person. |
| Case Study cons | Hindsight bias Confabulation: honest lying Not generalizable to large groups |
| Survey Method | Measures habits, attitudes, values, and preferences. 2 types: Written and Verbal |
| Survey Method pros | Great deal of information- skims the surface…no why. |
| Survey Method cons | wording effect Low response rate Social desirability sample |
| Correlation | A statistical relationship between two variables |
| Positive correlation | Both variables go in the same direction |
| Negative correlation | One variable goes up, the other goes down |
| Correlation and its relationship with Causation | Correlation does NOT mean causation: a third variable could exist |
| Experimental | Demonstrates cause and effect by experimental method |
| Independent variable | The experimental factor that is manipulated. The treatment itself (drug) |
| Dependent variable | The behavior measured; the factor that might be impacted by the changes on the independent variable. |
| Experimental Group | The group receiving the treatment |
| Control Group | The group NOT receiving the treatment. |
| Extraneous Variable | Factors that can affect the outcome of a study |
| Confounding Variable | A type of extraneous variable that affects both the dependent and independent variable. |
| something that might affect both shoe size and better understanding of what you read? | age |
| A link between ice cream sales and shark bites? | Temp/season |
| Placebo Effect | Sugar pill, false treatment |
| Blind | When the subjects don’t know which group they are in. |
| Double Blind | When both the subjects and the research assistants don’t know which group participants are in |
| Reliability | Consistency and stability of a measure. |
| Validity | Did the study measure what it was supposed to measure |
| Research Ethics | Written guidelines for ethical treatment of research participants. |
| Informed Consent | Right to be informed of risks and ability to withdraw at anytime |
| Deception & Debriefing | Acceptable if not harmful to individual (lying/tricks). debriefing is a must |