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FSOT - US Gov
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hobbes writing | Leviathan - social contract theory. Argues for rule by absolute sovereign. Strong central gov. |
| Voltair (main ideas) | Man is good and reasonable. Masses and majority rule are dangerous. Government is a necessary evil. Strong enlightened monarch with limited powers. Believes in religious freedom and freedom of thought. |
| Rousseau writing | Discourse on inequalityThe Social Contract - inspired reforms in Europe and France. Monarchs suck. Only people can rule. |
| Rousseau (main ideas) | Human nature is basically good. Society corrupts people. Social contract = agreement to go with majority rule + give up some freedoms in exchange for order. Ruler carries out the will of the people. |
| Locke writing | Two Treaties of Government - natural rights |
| Lock (main ideas) | Man is reasonable and cooperative. People try to protect their rights - leads to disorder. Ruler is chosen by people to protect their natural rights: life, liberty, property. Limited government is best. Rebellion is okay if leader is a tyrant. |
| Montesquieu writing | Spirit of the Laws |
| Montesquieu (main ideas) | All people are greedy for power. People will abuse power…majorities are dangerous. Separation of powers and checks and balances to prevent abuse of power. |
| autocracy | a political theory favoring unlimited authority by a single individual |
| republic | a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them |
| Plutocracy | a political system governed by the wealthy people |
| Federal Government | a form of government in which powers are divided between a central government and several local governments |
| Specified (AKA Expressed of Enumerated) Powers | powers that Congress has that are specifically listed in the Constitution |
| Separation of Powers | Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law |
| Federalism | a system in which power is divided between the national and state governments |
| Checks and Balances | A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power |
| Supremacy Clause | constitutional declaration (Article VI) that the Constitution and laws made under its provisions are the greatest law of the land |
| Reserved Powers | Powers not specifically granted to the federal government or denied to the states belong to the states and the people (powers that belong to the states) |
| Exclusive Powers | powers that can be exercised by the National Government alone |
| Concurrent Powers | Powers that the Constitution gives to both the national and state governments, such as the power to levy taxes. |
| Preamble | Introduction to the Constitution |
| Limited Government | basic principle of American government which states that government is restricted in what it may do, and each individual has rights that government cannot take away |
| Popular Sovereignty | The concept that political power rests with the people who can create, alter, and abolish government. People express themselves through voting and free participation in government |
| Federalists | supporters of the stronger central govt. who advocated the ratification of the new constitution. Madison, Hamilton, jay. |
| Anti-Federalists | opponents of a strong central government who campaigned against the ratification of the Constitution in favor of a confederation of independant states. Patrick Henry. Cato and Brutus. Clinton Yates Bryan. They were concerned that the constitution didn't |
| Government | the institution through which a society makes and enforces its public policies |
| Legislative Power | the power to make a law and to frame public policies |
| Executive Power | the power to execute, enforce, and administer law |
| Judicial Power | the power to interpret laws, to determine their meaning, and to settle disputes that arise within the society |
| Constitution | The body of fundamental laws setting out the principles, structures, and processes of a government |
| Compromise | an adjustment of opposing principles or systems by modifying some aspect of each |
| Declaration of Independence | the document approved by representatives of the American colonies in 1776 that stated their grievances against the British monarch and declared their independence. |
| Radical | A political ideology that seeks to re-make government into something new |
| Liberal | A political ideology that seeks to reform government to create fairness |
| Moderate | Person whose views are between conservative and liberal and may include some of both ideologies |
| Conservative | A political ideology that seeks to maintain the current system |
| Reactionary | A political ideology that wants to change government by going back to the old way |
| Mass Media | Any communication that reaches a wide (large) audience |
| Opinion Leaders | Those individuals held in great respect becasue of their position, expertise, or peronsality, who may informally and unintentionally influence others |
| Peer groups | people with whom one regularly associates, including friends, classmates, neighbors, and co-workers |
| Major party | A popular party that gets a lot of votes (democrat and republican) |
| Minor party | one of the political parties not widely supported |
| Party in power | the party that controls the executive branch of government |
| Partisanship | government action based on firm allegiance to a political party |
| Bipartisanship | A policy that emphasizes a united front and cooperation between the major political parties |
| single-member district | electoral district from which one person is chosen by the voters for each elected office |
| party identification | a sense of affiliation that a person has with a particular political party |
| straight-ticket voting | the practice of voting for candidates of only one party in an election |
| split-ticket voting | voting for candidates of different parties for different offices at the same election |
| nomination | The official endorsement of a candidate for office by a political party |
| caucus | a group of like minded people who meet to select candidates they will support |
| convention | delegates representing part members vote for a candidate to nominate |
| Direct primary | A primary where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office |
| Electoral College | the body of electors who formally elect the United States president and vice-president |
| Political ideology bell curve | the curve is in the middle where the most people and most moderate opinions are |
| agents of political socialization | individuals, organizations, and institutions that influence political attitudes |
| Functions of political parties | bring people together to achieve control of the government, develop policies favorable to their interests or the groups that support them, and organize and persuade voters to elect their candidates to office |
| Reasons for two party system | - tradition: the American party system began as a two-party system (the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists) - the electoral system: the basic shape, and many of the details, of the election process work in the direction of a two-party system - America's |
| History of two party system | the framers of the constitution opposed a two party system, but unintentionally created one by siding with the Federalists (for ratification of the constitution) or Anti-Federalists (against ratification of the constitution) |
| Sociological factors that affect voting choices (generalizations) | Education (people with high education favor Republican), income and occupation (lower income brackets favor Democrat and higher income brackets Republican), gender (women favor Democrat and men favor Republican), age (old favor Republican and young favor |
| Reasons for campaign finance laws | so candidates cannot buy their office and to prevent special interest favors |
| Flaws in the Electoral College system | Electoral College dictates where and how candidates campaign. All electors are not required to vote as pledged. A third party candidate won't win but could affect outcome. The winner of the popular vote is not always guaranteed the presidency. The electio |
| Ideological parties | party based on social, economic, or political ideas |
| Single-issue parties | Parties that concentrate on only one public policy matter |
| Economic protest parties | Parties rooted in poor economic times, lacking a clear ideological base, dissatisfied with current conditions and demanding better times |
| splinter parties | Parties that have split away from one of the major parties |
| Original Jurisdiction | the authority to hear cases for the first time |
| Appellate Jurisdiction | The authority of a court to review decisions made by lower courts |
| Judicial Review | the power of the Supreme Court to declare laws and actions of local, state, or national governments unconstitutional |
| Writs of mandamus | Orders issued by a higher court to a lower court, government official, or government agency to perform acts required by law |
| Judicial Activism | an interpretation of the U.S. constitution holding that the spirit of the times and the needs of the nation can legitimately influence judicial decisions (particularly decisions of the Supreme Court) |
| Judicial Restraint | Philosophy proposing that judges should interpret the Constitution to reflect what the framers intended and what its words literally say. |
| First Amendment | The constitutional amendment that establishes the four great liberties: freedom of the press, of speech, of religion, and of assembly. |
| Religious Freedom | a belief that individuals should be free to choose and practice their religious faith and that government should not establish any particular religion as the official or preferred religion |
| Lemon Test | The three-part test for Establishment Clause cases that a law must pass before it is declared constitutional: it must have a secular purpose; it must neither advance nor inhibit religion; and it must not cause excessive entanglement with religion. |
| Compelling Interest Test | A method for determining the constitutionality of a statute that restricts the practice of a fundamental right or distinguishes between people due to a suspect classification. In order for the statute to be valid, there must be a compelling governmental i |
| Free Speech | The right to express any opinion in public without censorship or restraint by the government |
| Symbolic Speech | Using actions and symbols rather than words to convey an idea |
| Free Press | a press not restricted or controlled by government censorship regarding politics or ideology |
| Freedom to Assemble | basic right which is laid down in the constitution and expresses the right for the citizens to gather. |
| Freedom to Petition | The right of the public to petiton against the government and change, add, or get rid of a law. |
| Discrimination | unfair treatment of a person or group on the basis of prejudice |
| 14th Amendment | This amendment declared that all persons born or naturalized in the United States were entitled equal rights regardless of their race, and that their rights were protected at both the state and national levels. |
| Equal Protection | the 14th ammendment states that no person should be denied the same protection of law enjoyed by others |
| Reasonable discrimination | compelling purpose to treat someone different |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | the Supreme Court ruled that the segregation of public places facilities was legal as long as the facilites were equal |
| Separate-but-equal Doctrine | the doctrine established by Plessy v Ferguson (1896) that African Americans could constitutionally be kept in separate but equal facilities |
| Brown v. Board of Education | 1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal |
| Affirmative Action | a policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities |
| Reverse Discrimination | discrimination against the majority group (sometimes by giving special treatment to minorities in compensation for past discrimination) |
| UC Regents v. Bakke | 1978 Supreme Court decision holding that state university could not admit less qualified individuals solely because of their race |
| Grutter v. Bollinger | affirmative action case; race could be used as a factor in admissions as long as there was no point system and race was not a major factor; upheld Bakke case |
| Gratz v. Bollinger | affirmative action case; a point system for admission in which points were given for race was ruled unconstitutional; too much like a quota system; upheld Bakke case |
| Due Process | principle in the Fifth Amendment stating that the government must follow proper constitutional procedures in trials and in other actions it takes against individuals |
| Procedural due process | Constitutional requirement that governments proceed by proper methods; limits how government may exercise power. |
| Substantive due process | Constitutional requirement that governments act reasonably and that the substance of the laws themselves be fair and reasonable; limits what a government may do. |
| Police Power | the power to protect and promote the public health, safety, morals, and general welfare; the power to safeguard the well-being of the people of the state |
| Right to Privacy | the right to a private personal life free from the intrusion of government |
| Griswold v. Connecticut | Established that there is an implied right to privacy in the U.S. Constitution, married couple wanted to get contraceptives; struck down a Connecticut law prohibiting the sale of contraceptives; established the right of privacy through the 4th and 9th ame |
| Roe v. Wade | (1973) legalized abortion on the basis of a woman's right to privacy |
| Exclusionary Rule | a rule that provides that otherwise admissible evidence cannot be used in a criminal trial if it was the result of illegal police conduct |
| Purpose of Exclusionary Rule | to protect against illegal searches and seizures by deterring PO's from conducting illegal searches and seizures, thereby protect people from illegal searches and seizures. |
| Exceptions to Exclusionary Rule | inevitable discovery, honest mistake, good faith |
| Congress (total of 40 questions) | Congress (total of 40 questions) |
| Bicameral | composed of two legislative bodies |
| Adjourn | to stop proceedings temporarily (Court or Congress meeting for example) |
| Prorogue | adjourn, as in a legislative session |
| Special session | an extraordinary session of a legislative body, called to deal with an emergency situation |
| Reapportion | redistribute, as in seats in a legislative body |
| Congressional districts | the area that a member of congress represents |
| Gerrymandering | the drawing of legislative district boundaries to benefit a party, group, or incumbent |
| Constituencies | The people and interest that political officers represent. |
| Qualifications for House members | Must be 25 years old, a Citizen of the United States for seven years, and a legal resident of the state which they represent |
| Qualifications for Senators | Must be at least 30, have been a US citizen for at least 9 years, and live in the state they represent |
| Speaker of the House | the leader of the majority party who serves as the presiding officer of the House of Representatives |
| President of the Senate | the presiding officer of a senate; in Congress, the Vice President of the United States |
| President pro tempore | Officer of the Senate selected by the majority party to act as chair in the absence of the vice president |
| Floor leaders | members of the House and Senate picked by their parties to carry out party decisions and steer legislative action to meet party goals |
| Standing committees | permanently established legislative committees that consider and are responsible for legislation within a certain subject area |
| Party whips | a member of the Senate/House who is chosen by his/her party colleagues to assist the party's floor leader in managing its legislative program. |
| party caucus | a meeting of the members of a party in a legislative chamber to select party leaders and to develop party policy. Called a conference by the republicans |
| conference committee | a temporary joint committee set up when the House and the Senate have passed different versions of the same bill |
| How a bill becomes a law | 1. written 2. discussed in committee + voted 3. discussed in House of Reps. and Senate + voted on in both 4. President signs it or vetoes it (which brings back to Congress, needs 2/3 vote to override veto) |
| Filibuster | a tactic for delaying or obstructing legislation by making long speeches |
| Veto | the power or right to prohibit or reject a proposed or intended act; the power of a chief executive to reject a bill passed by the legislature |
| Pocket veto | a bill fails to become law because the president did not sign it within ten days before Congress adjourns |
| President's Roles | Chief Executive, Commander in Chief, Chief Citizen, Chief of State, Chief Diplomat, Chief Legislator, Chief of Party, Chief Administrator, Chief legislator, Chief of staff, and Press Secretary. |
| Formal qualifications to be President | Must be 35 years old 2. Must be born in the US 3. Must have lived in the US for at least 14 years |
| Presidential term limits | 4 years per term, later the Constitution was amended to limit the presidency to two consecutive for year terms in Amendment 22 (possible to have 10 years of presidency if someone were to be Vice President and the President were to get short 2 years into t |
| Order of presidential succession | ``` The Vice President Speaker of the House President pro tempore of the Senate Secretary of State Hillary Secretary of the Treasury Secretary of Defense Attorney General Secretary of the Interior Etc. ``` |
| Presidential disability | Section 3 of the 25th amendment deals with a situation in which the president communicates in writing to Congress that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of the office. The vice president then assumes the role of acting president. The vice pr |
| National Security Council | a committee in the executive branch of government that advises the president on foreign and military and national security |
| Office of Management and Budget | Executive office responsible for helping the President write the federal budget and monitoring federal spending. |
| Presidential Cabinet | group of officials who head government departments and advise the president |
| Fifteen Executive Departments | State , Treasury, Justice, Interior, Agriculture, Commerce, Labor, Defense, Health and Human Services, Housing and Urban Development, Transportation, Energy, Education, Veterans Affairs, and Homeland Security. |
| President's executive powers | Executing the law - enforces, administers, and carries out provisions of the law (While President is required to enforce laws by Constitution, he can use his own discretion on how vigorously he enforces them) 2. Ordinance Power gives President power to i |
| President's diplomatic and military powers | Power to make treaties - formal agreements between 2 or more sovereign states - Treaties negotiated through Secretary of State, needs 2/3 approval, President ratifies treaty with other parties involved - Treaties have same legal standing as law 2. Power |
| President's judicial powers | To appoint federal court judges. To pardon people convicted of federal crimes (except in cases of impeachment). To reduce a person's jail sentence or fine. |
| President's legislative powers | Message power - influence a person gets by being in the public eye, veto power - presidential power to stop a bill from becoming a law by rejecting it, and recommending legislation - the President shall report to Congress on the state of the Union and rec |
| Hobbes Main Ideas | """People are selfish. They will fight constantly if left alone (state of nature). People value order above freedom (for protection). Social contract: people agree to give up freedom (forever) for protection. One ruler with absolute power. Rebellion is no |
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AshAlive