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U1 period 1, Ch. 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Name the three types of colonies in the Americas | -they are each shaped by the environment & people 1. tribute colonies 2. Plantation colonies 3. Neo-Europe |
| tribute colonies | Europeans conquer the ruling class (Mexico & Peru --> Spanish Conquistadors) of organized, densely settled native empires |
| plantation colonies | topical or subtropical setting demanded large labor force -Brazil -cash crops -African slave trade |
| Neo-European colonies | temperate regions of North America -no easily ex-tractable wealth (environment or natives) -Europeans came in large #s hoping to create a familiar society |
| Mississippi River Valley Indians | Cahokia -at the convergence of 3 Rvs = agriculture is essential -"mound builders" -peak in 1200s -warfare leads to downfall before the Europeans arrive |
| Eastern woodlands Indians | -Northeast -Algonquin - Iroquois (5 nations under this name) --> most successful due to unity (avoid conflict) -slash & burn agriculture -longhouses (narrow, center of community, 1st permanent structure) |
| Great Lakes Indians | -Anishinabe (ottoawa, Ojibcua, Potawatomis) -many rivers -built canoes = more mobile |
| Plains Indians | -comanche, sioux, apaches, navajo -nomadic (very mobile, follow buffalo on their horses) |
| Great Basin Indians | -between two mt ranges -between Utah & Nevada -Bannocks, Paiutes, shoshones, utes -mobile (buffalo) -similar to plains indians but with less land |
| Arid Southwest Indians | Desert environment -Anasazi, Hopi, Zunis -maize cultivation -advanced agricultural techniques (little water) -cliff dwellings -adobi houses -cave dwellings |
| Pacific Coast Indians | -fishing (salmon) -canoes -chinooks, salishes, haidas -longhouses, totem poles |
| Commonalities of native tribes (economy) | -mobile, travel for trade (trade agreements were permanent, & ending = war) -leaders had more wealth but would redistribute to followers -not many material possessions -land wasn't owned (no individual ownership, tribe shared everything) |
| Commonalities of native tribes (socially) | -women (gather, farming/agriculture, parenting), Men (hunters, led children by example, warriors) |
| Commonalities of native tribes (religion) | -Animists (Everything has a soul: wind, rain, etc) |
| Western European Society before encountering the Americas (society) | -rigid social structure (hierarchical) -patriarchy (oldest sons inherited everything) -most were farmers or peasants (life was difficult & revolved around the seasons) |
| Western European Society before encountering the Americas (economy) | -agriculture based, feudal economy (land = wealth) -goods produced locally -luxury goods from Asia (expensive, Middle East route) -THEN: Black death --> trade grew --> exploration (Crusades increased contact w/ east) |
| Western European Society before encountering the Americas (religion) | Protestant reformation --> puritan church, church of England -conflict & persecution -motivation for exploration (reason to leave Europe & increased competition for influence/land) |
| Western European Society before encountering the Americas (geography) | -not much open land/opportunities -few economic opportunities |
| Western European Society before encountering the Americas (motives for exploration) | -national rivalries --> political competition -better navigation, tec. & weapons -missionary aspect --> convert to Christianity -God, glory, gold |
| Christopher Columbus | Italian who sailed for Spain -1492 |
| Juan Ponce de Leon | -1513 -discovered Florida -looking for fountain of youth -killed by native |
| Vasco Nunez de Balboa | -1513 -discovers Pacific Ocean |
| Hernando de Soto | -1539-42 -treat natives poorly -pillages -explored Georgia, Tennessee & Carolina -1st Europeans to cross the Mississippi River |
| Fransico Coronado | -1540-42 -searched for seven cities of Cibola -looked for wealth -explored the American southwest and Great Plains (mexico, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas) |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | -1494 -line of demarcation -Portugal gets Brazil & South Africa while Spain gets North central & South America) |
| St. Augustine | -1565 -Florida -oldest European settlement in North America, solidified Spain control (wanted to keep French out) -fort |
| Colombian Exchange | -exchange of goods & resources between the worlds -BALANCED exchange: Western Hemisphere = food (tomatoes, potatoes, maize, coca, tobacco + syphilis) & Europeans = domestic animals, grain, sugar -UNBALANCED exchange diseases (1st European then African) |
| triangular trade VS Columbian exchange | |
| Conquistadors | Spanish & Portuguese explorers who conquered New World -not professional soldiers. Only volunteers who wanted to risk life for God & king -saw themselves as "New Nobility" (entitled to rule over peasants the peasants AKA natives) -tributary empires |
| Hernan Cortes | Aztecs |
| Francisco Pizarro | Incan Empire |
| Encomienda system | Spanish Crown let conquistadors & settlers claim land, labor, & goods, from native people -gave prominent men control of vast resources & monopolized indigenous labor -Brings Christianity into New World -Spain is briefly the wealthiest in the world |
| After establishing the encomienda system, Spain was briefly the wealthiest empire in the world. Why did their wealth decrease later? | -the influx of silver caused hyperinflation |
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Blessed Rectangle 11