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quiz 2
dynamics of diplomacy
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What are the three liberal theories Doyle examines? | Schumpeter → Liberal pacifism Machiavelli → Liberal imperialism/classical republicanism Kant → Liberal internationalism |
| What is Schumpeter’s liberal pacifism? | Capitalism and democracy create forces for peace and reduce incentives for imperialism. |
| How does Schumpeter define imperialism? | An “objectless disposition” toward unlimited forcible expansion |
| Why does Schumpeter believe capitalism discourages war? | Ordinary citizens gain little from war; war mainly benefits groups such as war profiteers and aristocrats, while capitalism encourages peaceful economic activity. |
| What is the first major assumption/problems with Schumpeter’s theory? | Materialistic monism, which assumes people mainly pursue economic/material interests. |
| What does Machiavelli argue about republics and war? | Republics are not inherently peaceful since a strong republic can be especially capable of imperial expansion. |
| What is Machiavelli’s “classical mixed republic”? | A political system combining social equality, popular liberty, political participation, and elite leadership rather than pure democracy. |
| According to Machiavelli, what do the elites want? | more power/domination |
| According to Machiavelli, what do the masses want? | not to be dominated |
| Why is “disunion” useful according to Machiavelli? | Competition and compromise among different political groups can protect liberty and create a stronger republic. |
| What is the second major assumption/problems with Schumpeter’s theory? | Homogenized citizens, which treats citizens as though they have similar political motivations. |
| What is the third major assumption/problems with Schumpeter’s theory? | Assumes countries will generally develop in the same liberal-capitalist direction. |
| What political balance does Machiavelli favor? | Elite leadership + popular participation |
| Why can liberty make a republic more powerful militarily? | Citizens who know their lives and property are secure are more willing to fight for their state. |
| What are the TWO legacies of modern liberalism according to Doyle? | 1. Peace among liberal states. 2. International imprudence (usually involving nonliberal states) |
| Are liberal states inherently peaceful according to Doyle?*** | No. Liberal states have established a separate peace with one another, but they can still fight wars against nonliberal states. |
| What is the “separate peace” or “pacific union”? | The pattern in which liberal states maintain peaceful relations with other liberal states |
| What two things does Doyle say we need to consider together to understand state behavior? | Domestic politics + the international system |
| What are Kant’s Three Definitive Articles for perpetual peace? | 1. Republican government 2. Pacific federation among liberal republics 3. Cosmopolitan law/universal hospitality |
| What is Kant’s pacific federation? | An expanding peaceful association among liberal republics. Not a world government or simply one peace treaty. |
| What is Kant's universal hospitality? | Foreigners have a right not to be treated with hostility simply for arriving in another state's territory |
| What role does commerce play in Kant's theory? | Trade and economic dependence create incentives for peaceful cooperation |
| What is domestic Kantian publicity? | Helps hold leaders to their publicly professed principles |
| What is international Kantian publicity? | Free speech and communication allow societies to better understand one another |
| What are “presumption of amity” and “presumption of enmity”? | Liberals tend to presume trust toward fellow liberals, but are more likely to presume hostility/suspicion toward nonliberals. |
| How does Schumpeter differ from Machiavelli and Kant on liberalism and war? | Schumpeter believes that liberal capitalism equates to peace |
| How does Machiavelli differ from Schumpeter and Kant on liberalism and war? | Machiavelli believes that republican liberty leads to strength and imperial expansion |
| How does Kant differ from Schumpeter and Machiavelli on liberalism and war? | liberal states → peace with each other, but not necessarily with nonliberal states |
| What is Chomsky's central argument? | The political/economic system that actually exists differs significantly from its proclaimed ideals of democracy and free markets, mainly because of concentrated state/corporate power. |
| What is Chomsky's basic method for evaluating governments?** | Judge governments by what they actually do, not what they say they believe (doctrine vs reality) |
| Where does Chomsky say we should look to determine a state's true principles? | Areas where the state has the greatest influence and least outside interference. For the U.S., he focuses heavily on Latin America. |
| What is “engineering of consent”? | Using propaganda/PR to shape public opinion so people accept policies/interests favored by powerful groups |
| Why can elites view increased popular political participation as a “crisis of democracy”? | Because ordinary citizens who protest can challenge established concentrations of power |
| What is indoctrination? | Influencing people to accept particular beliefs without encouraging them to critically question those beliefs. |
| What is the Washington Consensus? | A set of ten free-market economic policy prescriptions aimed at helping developing countries in crisis |
| What is “top-down democracy”? | Democratic reforms that allow some participation but do not threaten existing structures of power. |
| What does Chomsky mean by “national interest”? | Represents the interests of powerful groups, rather than ordinary citizens. |
| What did James Madison fear according to Chomsky? | That a propertyless majority could gain political power and use democracy to redistribute property from the wealthy minority |
| Who are the “minority of the opulent”? | The wealthy minority/property-owning class whose interests Madison believed government should protect |
| What is corporate personhood? | The expansion of legal rights associated with individual people to corporations, which increases their political and economic power. |
| What is “spectator democracy”? | A system in which ordinary people largely remain spectators rather than active participants in major political decision-making |
| What does Chomsky's Nicaragua example demonstrate? | Formal elections do not necessarily equal genuine democracy if voters face severe external coercion or economic pressure |
| What is a proxy war? | A conflict in which a powerful state supports or funds another group to fight, rather than fighting with its own forces |
| What does Chomsky mean by selective application of international law? | Powerful states support international law when they advance their interests, but may reject them when they constrain their own power |
| What larger argument does Chomsky make using Cuba? | U.S. hostility cannot be explained entirely by Soviet/Cold War security concerns |
| What is Chomsky's criticism of NAFTA? | It reflected the interests of powerful businesses, could weaken workers, and helped lock in neoliberal economic policies |
| What is the “lock-in effect”? | Treaties can make economic policies difficult for future governments to change even when voters want different policies. |
| What does Chomsky mean when he says markets are a “social construction”? | Markets don't simply exist naturally. Their rules are created by governments, laws, treaties, and institutions. |
| What is “corporate mercantilism”? | Chomsky's description of an economy largely managed by large corporations and governments, rather than actual free-market competition. |
| What is one-sided liberalization? | A weaker country is required to open its markets, while a powerful country continues protecting its own industries |
| What is agroexport? | Using agricultural land primarily to produce goods for export rather than domestic consumption |
| Why does Chomsky compare Haiti with Taiwan? | Haiti was promised free-market reforms could produce Taiwan-like development, but Taiwan developed using a much more state-directed and protected economic strategy |
| How can military spending function as a corporate subsidy? | Government funds research and technology through military spending, while private companies can later profit from the resulting innovations |
| What does “privatize profits, socialize costs and risks” mean? | Private companies keep the profits when investments succeed, while the public/government bears much of the cost and risk. |
| What does Chomsky argue about government intervention in successful capitalist economies? | Government intervention is often the rule rather than the exception |
| How does Chomsky connect neoliberal globalization to inequality? | Protecting rich countries contributes to: Inequality between rich and poor countries Inequality within wealthy countries |
| What is Morgenthau's First Principle of Political Realism? | Politics is governed by objective laws rooted in human nature |
| What is Morgenthau's Second Principle of Political Realism? | Interest is defined in terms of power |
| Why doesn't Morgenthau focus heavily on a leader's motives? | Motives are difficult to know and good intentions do not guarantee good foreign policy. |
| What does the Chamberlain vs. Churchill example demonstrate? | Good intentions ≠ good policy |
| What distinction does realism make between the desirable and possible? | Desirable: what we morally/ideally want Possible: what can realistically be achieved under actual political circumstances |
| What is Morgenthau's Third Principle? | Interest is universal, but not fixed |
| Is political power limited to military force? | No. It can include violence, psychological influence, authority, persuasion, threats, and other forms of control. |
| What is demonological thinking? | Blaming complex political problems on an “evil” person or group rather than examining underlying power and interests. |
| What is a rational foreign policy according to Morgenthau? | One that seeks to minimize risks and maximize benefits based on political realities |
| What is Morgenthau's Fourth Principle? | Moral principles cannot be applied to states abstractly |
| What is prudence? | Carefully weighing the likely consequences of alternative political actions. |
| What is Morgenthau's Fifth Principle? | Moral aspirations of a nation differ from universal moral laws |
| What is Morgenthau's Sixth Principle? | Politics is an autonomous sphere and should primarily be analyzed through interest defined as power |
| How would an economist evaluate the same foreign-policy decision? | Does it affect wealth? |
| How would a lawyer evaluate the same foreign-policy decision? | Is it legal? |
| How would a moralist evaluate the same foreign-policy decision? | Is it moral? |
| How would a realist evaluate the same foreign-policy decision? | How does it affect power/national interest? |
| What is the legalistic-moralistic approach? | Judging foreign policy primarily through law or abstract morality. |
| Why does Morgenthau reject the legalistic-moralistic approach? | Foreign policy must also be evaluated through power, interests, circumstances, and consequences. |
| What is the balance of power? | A distribution of power among states that prevents one state from becoming overwhelmingly dominant. |
| What are the two major purposes of balance of power? | 1. Maintain international stability 2. Protect the independence of individual states |
| Does balance of power require perfectly equal power among states? | No. The important thing is preventing one state from gaining overwhelming supremacy. |
| What is the easiest way to remember Morgenthau's balance-of-power theory? | Power checks power |
| What are Morgenthau's four methods for maintaining the balance of power? | 1. Divide and rule 2. Compensation 3. Armaments 4. Alliances |
| What is divide and rule? | Keeping opposing states divided or weakened so they cannot become powerful enough to challenge you. |
| What is compensation? | Adjusting territory or advantages to offset another state's gains and preserve the balance. |
| How do armaments maintain balance of power? | A state increases its military strength to counter another state's growing power. |
| How do alliances maintain balance of power? | States combine their power to counter a stronger rival or opposing alliance. |
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