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Public Health Exam 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| public health | science of extending life and promoting health at the population level |
| population health | study of how society is affected by health issues within groups sharing traits |
| John Snow (1854) | father of modern epidemiology who identified water as the source of a London cholera outbreak |
| evidence-based approach | reliance on qualitative and quantitative data to inform health interventions |
| vulnerable groups | sub-populations requiring focused public health attention like mothers/children, the disabled, the elderly, the uninsured, etc. |
| high-risk approach | intervention strategy targeting those with higher probability of disease to reduce their risk |
| improving-the-average approach | intervention strategy targeting the population to reduce baseline health risk |
| upstream factors | social, economic, and environmental conditions like policies and income that influence health outcomes |
| contributing causes | immediate biological or behavioral triggers causing disease to develop |
| downstream factors | end-stage health outcomes and reactive interventions needed to treat them like medical care or health education |
| BIG GEMS | acronym for determinants of health: behavior, infection, genetics, geography, environment, medical care, and socioeconomic-cultural |
| social determinants of health (SDOH) | conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age; shaped by economics and social policies |
| health disparity | difference in health access, treatment, or outcomes linked with social or economic disadvantages |
| health inequity | disparity in health rates due to unfair differences in social, economic, environmental, or healthcare resources |
| demographic transition | historical population shift from high fertility and high mortality to reduced fertility and aging population |
| epidemiologic transition | historical shift from high prevalence of infectious diseases to predominance of chronic diseases |
| nutrition transition | historical shift from high undernutrition and famine to increase in diet-related noncommunicable diseases |
| PERIE approach | evidence-based public health framework (problem, etiology, recommendations, implementation, evaluation) |
| morbidity | occurrence of disability, illness, disease within a population |
| mortality | occurrence of death due to disease within a population |
| incidence rate | number of new cases of disease in a year divided by number of people in at-risk population |
| prevalence | total number of individuals living with a disease divided by at-risk population |
| case fatality rate | number of deaths due to disease divided by total number of people living with disease |
| artifactual change | false change in disease rates caused by differences in identifying disease, interest in disease, or changes in disease's definition |
| group association | ecological hypothesis that compares populations, which requires individual-level investigation because it can be misleading due to confounding variables |
| contributory cause | established when a cause is associated with an effect, precedes effect, and altering cause directly alters effect |
| case-control study | study comparing groups with disease to those without to establish that cause is associated with effect |
| cohort study | longitudinal study following participants over time to prove cause precedes effect |
| randomized controlled trial | study utilizing randomization to expose or not expose subjects to a changing criterion, proving that altering cause alters effect |
| dose-response relationship | supportive criterion for etiology indicating that higher levels and longer durations of exposure increase risk of disease |
| net benefits | overall value of intervention, calculated as benefits of intervention minus potential harms |
| primary intervention | occurs before disease takes place to prevent disease from happening |
| secondary intervention | occurs after disease or risk factor develops but before symptoms appear; focus on early detection |
| tertiary intervention | occurs after symptoms develop to prevent irreparable disability or death |
| implementation strategies | methods used to enforce intervention (informative, motivation, obligation) |
| health communication | methods by which public health info is collected, compiled, presented, perceived, judged |
| surveillance data | mass surveys that gather broad health info from populations |
| syndromic surveillance | tracking superficial health data to infer larger trends about a health issue |
| astroturfing | large corporations mask as grassroots organizations to push biased health data |
| infant mortality rate | health metric measuring number of deaths in first year of life |
| incomplete info | fails to share whole picture without malicious intent |
| misinformation | inaccurate health info that is incorrectly perceived |
| disinformation | malicious spread of fake health info |
| inform of decision | healthcare provider makes choice based on expertise and patient accepts it |
| informed consent | provider gives all pros and cons but patient makes decision |
| shared decision making | clinical model where provider and patient converse and work together for medical decision |
| decision trees | patients weigh statistical probabilities of intervention's outcomes against personal values |
Created by:
hlr2326