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Biochemistry Exam 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| biochemistry | study of how life functions from atomic to organelle level |
| atomic ratios and charges | concepts that biochemistry relies heavily on |
| homeostasis | process of keeping biological systems balanced that requires energy |
| Le Chatelier's principle | a disturbed system at equilibrium will shift to counteract the disturbance and restore balance |
| oxidation | loss of electrons, gain of oxygen bonds, loss of hydrogen bonds, releases energy |
| reduction | gain of electrons, loss of oxygen bonds, gain of hydrogen bonds, stores energy |
| amino acid | monomer containing a carboxylic acid and an amine |
| peptide bonds | used by amino acids to polymerize into proteins (O=C-N) |
| carbohydrate | molecule with one water equivalent and one hydroxyl group per carbon atom |
| polysaccharides | formed via carbohydrates |
| nucleotide | nucleic acid monomer with a 5-membered ribose ring, phosphate group, and aromatic nitrogenous base |
| lipid | hydrophobic molecule with lots of C-H bonds that lacks a polymer form |
| ammonium | water soluble due to positive charge bonding to water's negative charge |
| ammonia | lacks water bonding abilities due to lack of charge so it escapes as gas |
| standard biochemical free energy (delta G) | change in free energy at standard temperature, pressure, and biological pH |
| thermodynamic spontaneity | reactions are spontaneous when systems move from high to low energy and universal entropy increases |
| natural selection | survival and reproduction of individuals where advantageous traits are selected for |
| genotype | inherited DNA instructions |
| phenotype | observable trait from DNA instructions |
| G6PD deficiency | condition resulting in oxidizing blood environment that is selected for to inhibit parasitic growth and increased host survival |
| entropy | concept involving probability where universe moves from less to more probable, disordered state |
| amphipathic molecule | molecule that contains both a polar (hydrophilic) side and a non-polar (hydrophobic) side |
| micelle/liposome | clustered structures formed by lipids in water that increase overall entropy by reducing number of highly ordered water molecules |
| nephron | functional unit of kidney that purifies blood via filtration, reabsorption, secretion, excretion |
| filtration | occurs at glomerulus where porous blood vessels allow substances except proteins and cells into nephrons |
| reabsorption | process in nephron tubules where solutes move across membrane into blood vessels |
| secretion | active pumping of wastes from blood vessels back into tubule |
| osmosis | movement of solutes/solvents from high to low concentration |
| membrane permeability/charge | uncharged, hydrophobic molecules pass across cell membranes; charged, hydrophilic molecules cannot |
| Bronsted-Lowry acid | donates H+ to produce H3O+ |
| Bronsted-Lowry base | absorbs H+ to produce OH- |
| Kw | equilibrium constant for auto-dissociation of water |
| amide bond | functional group that is unreactive and doesn't protonate/deprotonate at biological pH |
| pKa | negative log of Kw; represents exact pH at which acid and conjugate base exist in equal concentrations |
| Henderson-Hasselbalch equation | pH = pKa + log (A-/HA) |
| buffer | solution that resists pH changes; requires high concentrations and equal ratio of acid and conjugate base |
| phosphate buffer system | intracellular buffer system with pKa of 7.2 |
| bicarbonate buffer system | primary buffer system regulating blood pH |
| nucleoside | molecules consisting of nitrogenous bases bonded to sugar |
| nucleotide | monomer of nucleic acids; consisting of nitrogenous base, sugar, phosphate groups |
| purines | nitrogenous bases with two-ring structure (A and G) |
| pyrimidines | nitrogenous bases with one-ring structure (C, T, U) |
| directionality | chemical orientation of single strand of nucleic acid; reads 5' to 3' |
| major groove | wider indentation in DNA double helix where functional groups are more accessible |
| 2' hydroxyl | functional group on ribose sugar of RNA that acts as nucleophile, making RNA less stable |
| plasmid | circular DNA found in bacteria and used in molecular cloning |
| origin of replication | DNA sequence on plasmid that dictates where replication begins and controls plasmid copies |
| supercoiled DNA | tightly wound and compacted plasmid with high tension |
| restriction enzyme | enzyme that recognizes DNA sequence and cuts backbone |
| ligase | enzyme used in molecular cloning to bond DNA fragments together |
| plasmid mapping | process of using restriction enzymes to determine locations of cut sites on plasmids |
| PCR | used to make copies of DNA target regions |
| PCR steps | denature (heat to separate); anneal (cool to bind primers); extend (DNA synthesis) |
| primer | short strand of DNA required to start PCR |
| taq polymerase | heat-tolerant DNA polymerase for PCR |
| hydrophobic amino acids | non-polar amino acids that cluster on interior proteins to avoid water |
| hydrophilic amino acids | polar/charged amino acids that remain on exterior proteins to interact with aqueous environment |
| proline | unique non-polar amino acid with a structural kink in protein chain |
| histidine | positively charged amino acid with pKa of 6; shifts easily between protonated and deprotonated state |
| peptide bond | covalent amide bond between two amino acids via water elimination |
| L-amino acid | carboxylic acid points up/back, side chain points down/back, and amine group is on left |
| D-amino acid | carboxylic acid points up/back, side chain points down/back, and amine group is on right |
Created by:
hlr2326