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Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What percentage of your body is made of water? | 70% |
| Describe how sweating cools the body. | The water vapor lost through the evaporation of sweat carries heat away from the body. |
| What type of bonds are responsible for cohesion? | Hydrogen bonds |
| Describe what surface tension is? | Molecules at the surface are linked together by hydrogen bonds. |
| What is adhesion in reference to water? | Adhesion makes water molecules stick to different surfaces or substances. |
| Distinguish between adhesion and cohesion. | Adhesion is an attraction between different substances and cohesion is attraction of molecules of the same kind. |
| Explain how capillary action is necessary for vascular plants. | Capillary action is when water molecules move upward through a narrow tube, such as the stem of the plant, the water is sucked up stronger than gravity can pull it down. |
| What is a solution? | A mixture in which one or more substances are evenly distributed in another substance. |
| Name two types of molecules that dissolve well in water: | Ionic compounds and polar molecules. |
| What types of molecules do not dissolve well in water? | Nonpolar molecules. |
| What two ions are formed when water breaks apart? | Hydrogen ion H+, and a hydroxide ion OH-. |
| Differentiate between an acid and a base. | Acids form hydrogen ions when dissolved in water, and bases reduce hydrogen ions. |
| Ammonia has a pH of approximately what? | pH 12 |
| What is polarity? | (battery) imbalance in the charges |
| What is the structure of a water molecule? | Mickey mouse structure - top two (ears) Hydrogen (+) big one (face) oxygen (-) |
| How does sweating cool the body? | Sweating cools the body by the heat being pulled away from you by evaporating the water. |
| What is cohesion? | water molecules attracted to water |
| What is adhesion? | water molecules attracted to other things |
| What do acids form? | Hydrogen bonds (H+) |
| What do bases form? | hydroxide (OH-) |
| 7 on the ph scale is _____, above 7 on the pH scale is _______, and below 7 is ________. | neutral, base, acid |
| Know one acid and one base on the pH scale. | Acid - vinegar Base - bleach |
| Solute _____, and solution _____. | gets dissolves, does the dissolving. |
| What are the four principal classes of organic compounds found in living organisms? | Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids |
| Describe the proportion of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen that make up Carbohydrates. | 1:2:1 |
| Glucose and fructose are examples of what? | monosaccharides |
| Give an example of a disaccharide. | Sucrose or table sugar |
| Why are polysaccharides important for organisms? | They are the storehouse and they store energy |
| What is the function of cellulose in plants? | It provides structural support for plants. |
| Give 3 examples of lipids and the role they play for organisms. | Fats, phospholipids, and steroids. Fats - lipids that store energy. Phospholipids - make up the lipid bilayer of cell membranes. Steroids - include cholesterol, which is found in animal cell membranes. |
| What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fat? | Saturated fats are solid at room temperature, and unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature. |
| What is a protein? | A chain of molecules called amino acids linked together. |
| How many amino acids are found in proteins? | 20 |
| Give three roles that proteins play in organisms. | Promote chemical reactions, help your body defend infection, enable your muscles to contract making body movement possible. |
| What are the parts of a nucleotide that make up nucleic acids? | Sugar, base and a phosphate group |
| Differentiate between the structure of DNA and RNA. | DNA has two strands of nucleotides, and RNA has one strand of nucleotides. |
| What is ATP and what does it do? | Adenosine triphosphate, a single nucleotide with two extra energy-storing phosphate groups, and it is the main energy currency of cells. |
| The ability to move or change matter is called what? | Energy |
| Give 3 examples of energy. | light, heat, chemical energy |
| What is a chemical reaction? | A process during which chemical bonds between atoms are broken and new ones are formed, producing one or more different substances. |
| Differentiate between reactants and products in chemical reactions. | Reactants are the starting materials for chemical reactions. Products are the newly formed substances. |
| What does the arrow mean in a chemical reaction? | "changes to" or "forms" |
| All the chemical reactions that occur within an organism are called what? | metabolism |
| What do we call the energy needed to start a chemical reaction? | activation energy |
| What to enzymes do? | they increase the speed of chemical reactions |
| What are most enzymes made of? | proteins |
| What do we call the substance on which an enzyme acts? | substrate |
| Do enzymes act only on specific substrates? | yes |
| Describe how the enzyme catalase works. | it assists in the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) |
| Describe what an active site is and why they are important to enzymes. | It is where the enzyme's substrates fit in, and they are folds/pockets in the enzyme. It allows the the enzyme to catalyze further reactions. |
| Are enzymes changed by the reactions they participate in? | No |
| Name two factors that affect enzyme activity. | Temperature, and pH |
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