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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| specimen obeys Hooke's law (straight line). | Elastic region |
| permanent deformation begins. | Yielding |
| load continues to increase until maximum load is reached. | Strain hardening |
| corresponds to maximum load / original area. Necking starts here. | Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) |
| local reduction in area. Engineering stress decreases, but true stress still rises. | Necking region |
| final failure of specimen. | Fracture (rupture) |
| ___ is the slow, gradual deformation of a material under a constant load over a long period of time. It usually becomes more significant at high temperatures. | creep |
| ________ is the property of a material that allows it to undergo permanent deformation without breaking after the elastic limit is exceeded. | Plasticity |
| _____ is the failure of a material due to repeated or fluctuating stresses, even if the stress is below the ultimate strength. | Fatigue |
| _____ is the condition where a material begins to deform permanently after reaching or exceeding the elastic limit. A small increase in stress can cause large permanent deformation. | Yielding |
| ____ is defined as the ratio of tensile or compressive stress to the corresponding strain within the elastic limit of a material, and it represents the material's stiffness or resistance to elastic deformation. | Modulus of Elasticity (Young's Modulus) |
| _________ is defined as the ratio of lateral (transverse) strain to axial strain within the elastic range of a material, and it describes the deformation behavior of a material in directions perpendicular to the applied load. | Poisson's Ratio |
| _____ is defined as the ratio of shear stress to shear strain within the elastic limit, and it represents the material's resistance to deformation under shear loading. | Modulus of Rigidity (Shear Modulus) |
| ______ is defined as the failure or breaking point of a material when the applied stress exceeds its ultimate strength, resulting in complete fracture or separation. | Rupture |
| __ is the time-dependent strain that develops in concrete when it is subjected to a constant sustained load or stress over a long period of time. | Creep |
| ___ is the gradual reduction of stress in concrete when it is held under a constant strain over time. | Relaxation |
| ______ is the volume reduction or contraction of concrete that occurs mainly due to the loss of moisture during drying and hydration processes. | Shrinkage |
| ____ in concrete refers to the expansion or contraction of the material due to variations in temperature. | Temperature change |
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